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Psychological Responses to Stress01:20

Psychological Responses to Stress

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Psychological responses to stress encompass the various cognitive and emotional reactions individuals experience when faced with challenging or threatening situations, such as a job loss. Prolonged exposure to stressors can disturb emotional balance, increasing negative emotions (e.g., anxiety and sadness) and diminishing positive emotions (e.g., joy and satisfaction). These persistent emotional shifts are associated with an increased risk of both physical illness and mental health issues, such...
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Stress triggers a coordinated physiological response involving the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. This dual activation ensures that the body is prepared for both immediate and prolonged stress management. The process begins with the perception of a stressor. This initial phase activates the SNS, leading to the rapid release of adrenaline (epinephrine) from the adrenal glands.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 17, 2026

Microdissection of Mouse Brain into Functionally and Anatomically Different Regions
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Stress and brain atrophy.

J Douglas Bremner1

  • 1Departments of Psychiatry and Radiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta VAMC, Decatur GA 30306, USA. jdbremn@emory.edu

CNS & Neurological Disorders Drug Targets
|November 1, 2006
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Stress impacts the hippocampus, affecting memory. Treatments like antidepressants and phenytoin may reverse these stress-induced changes and promote neurogenesis in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) patients.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Psychiatry
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Stress negatively affects hippocampal function and structure in animal models.
  • These changes are linked to reduced neurogenesis and altered neurotrophic factors.
  • Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) patients exhibit smaller hippocampal volumes and memory deficits.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effects of stress on the hippocampus.
  • To explore the therapeutic potential of antidepressants and anticonvulsants in mitigating stress-related hippocampal changes.
  • To determine if these treatments can reverse hippocampal volume reduction and memory deficits in PTSD.

Main Methods:

  • Review of animal studies on stress and hippocampal changes.
  • Analysis of neuroimaging (MRI) data from PTSD patients.
  • Assessment of memory function in PTSD patients before and after treatment.

Main Results:

  • Animal studies indicate stress decreases neurogenesis and brain-derived neurotrophic factor.
  • PTSD patients show reduced hippocampal volume and impaired hippocampal-dependent memory.
  • Antidepressants and phenytoin treatment reversed hippocampal volume reduction and memory deficits in PTSD patients.

Conclusions:

  • Stress-induced hippocampal changes and memory deficits are observed in PTSD.
  • Pharmacological interventions, including antidepressants and phenytoin, show promise in reversing these deficits.
  • These findings suggest that certain medications may promote neurogenesis in humans, offering a potential therapeutic avenue for PTSD.