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Pneumothorax-I

Pneumothorax-I

A pneumothorax is a condition where air builds up in the space between the lung and the chest wall, causing the lung to collapse. This condition arises when air enters the space between the parietal and visceral pleura, disrupting the negative pressure essential for lung inflation. This can lead to a partial or complete collapse of the lung.
Pneumothorax can be even further classified as spontaneous, traumatic, and tension pneumothorax.

Pneumothorax-II

Pneumothorax-II

Pneumothorax is a medical condition defined by the buildup of air in the pleural space between the lungs and the chest wall. This accumulation of air can lead to partial or complete lung collapse, resulting in a range of clinical manifestations. Understanding the clinical presentation and effective management strategies is crucial for healthcare professionals in providing timely and appropriate care to individuals with pneumothorax.
Clinical Manifestations:

Pneumothorax II: Pathophysiology

Pneumothorax II: Pathophysiology

Pneumothorax means the presence of air in the pleural space — the thin potential gap between the visceral and parietal pleura. This condition disrupts the normal pressure balance that keeps the lungs inflated, leading to partial or complete collapse of the affected lung.Normal physiologyUnder normal conditions, the pleural space maintains a slightly negative intrapleural pressure, which keeps the lungs expanded against the chest wall. This negative pressure creates a delicate balance between...

Atelectasis II: Pathophysiology

Atelectasis II: Pathophysiology

Atelectasis develops when alveoli lose their air and collapse inward. Because lung tissue is naturally elastic, these air sacs shrink rather than remaining open. Collapsed alveoli are no longer ventilated, reducing their role in gas exchange. Blood flow may continue in these regions, creating a ventilation–perfusion mismatch. Clinical findings include decreased breath sounds, dullness to percussion, reduced chest expansion, and decreased tactile fremitus as sound transmission through collapsed...

Pleura of the Lungs

Pleura of the Lungs

The lungs are nestled in a cavity, shielded by the pleura. The pleura, a form of serous membrane, wraps around each lung. This membrane arrangement consists of two layers: the visceral and parietal pleurae. The visceral pleura lines the surface of the lungIn contrast, the parietal pleura is the outer layer and contacts to the thoracic wall, the mediastinum, and the diaphragm. The hilum is the point of connection between the visceral and parietal layers. The space between the parietal and...

Pneumonia III: Complications and Assessment

Pneumonia III: Complications and Assessment

Pneumonia poses the potential for numerous complications that warrant consideration. These complications include the following:

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 19, 2026

International Expert Consensus and Recommendations for Neonatal Pneumothorax Ultrasound Diagnosis and Ultrasound-guided Thoracentesis Procedure

International Expert Consensus and Recommendations for Neonatal Pneumothorax Ultrasound Diagnosis and Ultrasound-guided Thoracentesis Procedure

Published on: March 12, 2020

[Catamenial pneumothorax].

Marta Maskey-Warzechowska¹, Sławomir Warzechowski

¹Katedra i Klinika Chorób Wewnetrznych, Pneumonologii i Alergologii AM w Warszawie. mmaskey@op.pl

Ginekologia Polska

|November 2, 2006

Summary

Catamenial pneumothorax (CP), linked to thoracic endometriosis, is a type of secondary spontaneous pneumothorax occurring with menses, primarily in women over 30. This review covers its pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment.

Area of Science:

Pulmonology
Gynecology
Thoracic Surgery

Background:

Catamenial pneumothorax (CP) is a rare condition characterized by recurrent spontaneous pneumothorax coinciding with menstruation.
It is the most common intrathoracic manifestation of endometriosis.
CP predominantly affects women over 30 and is typically right-sided.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the current literature on catamenial pneumothorax.
To discuss the proposed pathogenetic mechanisms of CP.
To outline diagnostic approaches and therapeutic strategies for CP.

Main Methods:

A comprehensive literature search was conducted using relevant medical databases.
Studies focusing on the epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of CP were included.

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The gathered information was synthesized to provide an overview of the current understanding of CP.

Main Results:

CP is strongly associated with thoracic endometriosis, often involving diaphragmatic or pleural implants.
The pathogenesis is hypothesized to involve retrograde menstruation, lymphatic or vascular dissemination, or coelomic metaplasia.
Diagnostic tools include imaging (chest X-ray, CT scan) and thoracoscopy, with definitive diagnosis often requiring surgical visualization.
Treatment options range from conservative management to surgical interventions like pleurodesis and hormonal therapy.

Conclusions:

Catamenial pneumothorax is a distinct clinical entity requiring a multidisciplinary approach for optimal management.
Understanding its link to endometriosis is crucial for accurate diagnosis and effective treatment.
Further research is needed to elucidate the precise pathogenetic mechanisms and refine therapeutic protocols.