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Related Concept Videos

Cushing Syndrome I: Introduction01:26

Cushing Syndrome I: Introduction

Cushing syndrome refers to the collection of clinical manifestations that arise when tissues are exposed to excessive amounts of cortisol or cortisol-like medications over an extended period. Cortisol, a glucocorticoid produced by the adrenal cortex, regulates metabolism, immune responses, and the body’s adaptation to stress. When its concentration remains chronically elevated, these physiological pathways become dysregulated, resulting in the characteristic features of the syndrome.Exogenous...
Cushing Syndrome II: Pathophysiology01:19

Cushing Syndrome II: Pathophysiology

Cortisol production is normally governed by the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, which maintains hormonal balance through tightly regulated feedback mechanisms. Disruption of this regulatory system is central to the development of Cushing syndrome, whether the excess cortisol originates from external medications or internal pathology. Persistent cortisol elevation alters metabolism, immune function, and endocrine signaling, producing the characteristic clinical features of the...
Adrenal Gland Disorders01:27

Adrenal Gland Disorders

Adrenal gland disorders manifest when the production of adrenal hormones deviates from the norm, resulting in either excessive or insufficient concentrations.
Adrenal insufficiency, characterized by insufficient cortisol and aldosterone production, leads to conditions like Addison's disease. This disorder, affecting the adrenal cortex, exhibits symptoms such as skin bronzing, dehydration, low blood pressure, fatigue, and weight loss. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, a genetic ailment causing...
Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...
Immunodeficiency Diseases01:25

Immunodeficiency Diseases

Immunodeficiency disorders are conditions in which the immune system's ability to fight infectious disease and cancer is compromised or entirely absent. The immune system comprises a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect the body from potentially harmful invaders. When this system is deficient or not functioning properly, it leaves the body susceptible to infections, diseases, or other complications.
There are three main causes of immunodeficiency disorders...
Inflammatory Bowel Disease III: Crohn's Disease01:25

Inflammatory Bowel Disease III: Crohn's Disease

Crohn’s disease is a chronic, relapsing form of inflammatory bowel disease characterized by segmental, transmural inflammation that can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract. Its pathogenesis arises from a combination of genetic susceptibility, environmental exposures, epithelial barrier dysfunction, and immune dysregulation. Together, these factors lead to an exaggerated immune response against components of the gut microbiome.Genetic and Environmental InfluencesMultiple genetic...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 19, 2026

Isolation of Cortical Microglia with Preserved Immunophenotype and Functionality From Murine Neonates
09:12

Isolation of Cortical Microglia with Preserved Immunophenotype and Functionality From Murine Neonates

Published on: January 30, 2014

Isolated corticotrophin deficiency.

Massimiliano Andrioli1, Francesca Pecori Giraldi, Francesco Cavagnini

  • 1University of Milan, Ospedale San Luca, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy.

Pituitary
|November 2, 2006
PubMed
Summary

Isolated ACTH deficiency (IAD) causes secondary adrenal insufficiency. Diagnosis involves assessing cortisol and ACTH levels, with treatment focusing on glucocorticoid replacement for symptomatic patients.

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Internal Medicine

Background:

  • Isolated ACTH deficiency (IAD) is a rare endocrine disorder causing secondary adrenal insufficiency.
  • It presents with low cortisol but normal pituitary hormone secretion and no structural defects.
  • Causes include trauma, autoimmune hypophysitis in adults, and genetic factors in children.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize the characteristics, diagnosis, and management of Isolated ACTH deficiency.
  • To highlight diagnostic criteria and differentiate IAD from primary adrenal insufficiency.

Main Methods:

  • Review of clinical presentation and laboratory findings in IAD patients.
  • Discussion of diagnostic tests including morning serum cortisol, insulin tolerance test (ITT), and ACTH stimulation tests.
  • Analysis of treatment strategies, including glucocorticoid replacement therapy.

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Fecal Glucocorticoid Analysis: Non-invasive Adrenal Monitoring in Equids

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Isolation and Culture of Mouse Cortical Astrocytes
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Isolation and Culture of Mouse Cortical Astrocytes

Published on: January 19, 2013

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 19, 2026

Isolation of Cortical Microglia with Preserved Immunophenotype and Functionality From Murine Neonates
09:12

Isolation of Cortical Microglia with Preserved Immunophenotype and Functionality From Murine Neonates

Published on: January 30, 2014

Fecal Glucocorticoid Analysis: Non-invasive Adrenal Monitoring in Equids
08:02

Fecal Glucocorticoid Analysis: Non-invasive Adrenal Monitoring in Equids

Published on: April 25, 2016

Isolation and Culture of Mouse Cortical Astrocytes
11:25

Isolation and Culture of Mouse Cortical Astrocytes

Published on: January 19, 2013

Main Results:

  • IAD patients may present with non-specific symptoms like fatigue, weight loss, and hypoglycemia.
  • Diagnostic thresholds for serum cortisol are established, with ITT as the gold standard.
  • Plasma ACTH levels and infusion tests aid in differential diagnosis.

Conclusions:

  • Glucocorticoid replacement is essential for symptomatic IAD patients, with specific dosage recommendations.
  • Mineralocorticoid administration is typically unnecessary due to preserved production.
  • Early diagnosis and appropriate management are crucial for preventing adrenal crisis.