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Related Concept Videos

Pulmonary Cycle: Exhalation01:17

Pulmonary Cycle: Exhalation

In terms of human respiration, the act of expelling air, known as exhalation (or expiration), operates on the principle of pressure gradients. During expiration, the pressure within the lungs exceeds that of the surrounding atmosphere. Under normal conditions, quiet breathing involves passive exhalation and is free of muscular contractions. This is because the exhalation process is driven by the natural elastic recoil of the lungs and chest wall, both of which have an inherent tendency to...
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease I: Introduction01:23

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease I: Introduction

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is a common, preventable, and treatable respiratory disorder characterized by persistent symptoms and progressive airflow limitation. This limitation results from a combination of small-airway disease (obstructive bronchiolitis) and parenchymal destruction (emphysema), both driven by chronic inflammation from exposure to harmful particles or gases.The disease includes two main pathological entities: emphysema, marked by destruction of alveolar walls and...
Pneumonia I: Introduction01:29

Pneumonia I: Introduction

Pneumonia is an infection of the lower respiratory tract that leads to inflammation of the lung parenchyma, often resulting in the accumulation of inflammatory exudate in the alveoli and airways. Unlike the watery, low-protein fluid exudate in pulmonary edema, the exudate in this case is a thick fluid rich in immune cells, proteins, and debris produced during infection and inflammation.This impairs gas exchange and can lead to consolidation of lung tissue. The infection may be caused by a...
Pneumonia I: Introduction01:30

Pneumonia I: Introduction

Pneumonia is an acute respiratory infection that targets the lungs, specifically the alveoli. These tiny air sacs, essential for oxygen exchange, become engorged with pus and fluid, severely hindering breathing, decreasing oxygen absorption, and causing significant pain and discomfort during respiration.
Risk Factors
Various factors influence the likelihood of developing pneumonia. Age plays a crucial role, with infants, children under two, and individuals over 65 at increased risk due to their...
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease II: Emphysema01:23

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease II: Emphysema

Emphysema, a major phenotype of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), is characterized by irreversible destruction of alveolar walls and permanent enlargement of distal airspaces. Unlike chronic bronchitis, which primarily affects the airways, emphysema predominantly involves the lung parenchyma, where structural damage leads to airflow limitation.PathophysiologyIt most commonly results from prolonged exposure to cigarette smoke and other toxic gases, particularly cigarette smoke.
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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease III: Chronic Bronchitis Features

Chronic bronchitis is a key phenotype of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), characterized by airway-centered inflammation and mucus overproduction. It develops from long-term exposure to harmful particles or gases, most commonly cigarette smoke, which triggers a persistent inflammatory response.Cellular and Structural ChangesInflammation initially affects the large bronchi and later the smaller airways, with infiltration by immune cells, including neutrophils, macrophages, and...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 19, 2026

Development of a Neonatal Piglet Acute Lung Injury Model Recreating the Early Environment of Preterm Infant Lungs
08:58

Development of a Neonatal Piglet Acute Lung Injury Model Recreating the Early Environment of Preterm Infant Lungs

Published on: October 31, 2025

Pediatric interstitial lung disease.

D Vijayasekaran1, S Giridhar, N C Gowrishankar

  • 1Department of Pulmonology, Institute of Child Health and Hospital for Children, Chennai 600 008, Tamil Nadu, India. vijsekar@hotmail.com

Indian Pediatrics
|November 3, 2006
PubMed
Summary

Interstitial lung diseases (ILD) in children present with cough and dyspnea. High-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) and lung biopsies aid diagnosis, with a mean survival of 2 years and 7 months.

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Protocol and Guidelines for Point-of-Care Lung Ultrasound in Diagnosing Neonatal Pulmonary Diseases Based on International Expert Consensus
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Protocol and Guidelines for Point-of-Care Lung Ultrasound in Diagnosing Neonatal Pulmonary Diseases Based on International Expert Consensus

Published on: March 6, 2019

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Last Updated: Jul 19, 2026

Development of a Neonatal Piglet Acute Lung Injury Model Recreating the Early Environment of Preterm Infant Lungs
08:58

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Published on: October 31, 2025

Protocol and Guidelines for Point-of-Care Lung Ultrasound in Diagnosing Neonatal Pulmonary Diseases Based on International Expert Consensus
06:15

Protocol and Guidelines for Point-of-Care Lung Ultrasound in Diagnosing Neonatal Pulmonary Diseases Based on International Expert Consensus

Published on: March 6, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Pulmonology
  • Radiology
  • Pathology

Background:

  • Interstitial lung diseases (ILD) are a heterogeneous group of disorders affecting lung parenchyma.
  • Pediatric ILD diagnosis can be challenging due to varied presentations and limited research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the clinical features, diagnostic methods, and outcomes of ILD in pediatric patients.
  • To analyze symptomatology, radiological findings, and histopathological results in children with ILD.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective analysis of medical records for 16 children diagnosed with ILD between June 2000 and May 2004.
  • Evaluation of clinical data, chest X-rays, High-Resolution Computed Tomography (HRCT), bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), and lung biopsy findings.

Main Results:

  • Acute presentation occurred in 25% of cases; Velcro crackles were the most common finding (93.8%).
  • HRCT was diagnostic in 86.6% of cases. Spirometry indicated restrictive ventilatory defects in 5 cases.
  • BAL showed increased neutrophils, and lung biopsies were consistent with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis in 5 cases.

Conclusions:

  • ILD in children presents with significant respiratory symptoms and characteristic radiological findings.
  • A combination of HRCT, BAL, and lung biopsy is crucial for accurate diagnosis and management of pediatric ILD.
  • The mean survival duration observed was 2 years and 7 months post-diagnosis.