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Related Concept Videos

Mass Spectrometry of Amines01:15

Mass Spectrometry of Amines

In mass spectroscopy, amines undergo fragmentation to give parent ions with odd molecule weights. This observed mass spectrum follows the nitrogen rule; a molecule with an odd number of nitrogen atoms produces a molecular ion with an odd molecular weight. Amines undergo fragmentation through α cleavage, producing nitrogen-containing cations—iminium ions—and alkyl radicals. Mass spectra of aromatic and cyclic aliphatic amines exhibit strong molecular ion peaks, but acyclic aliphatic amines show...
NMR Spectroscopy Of Amines01:19

NMR Spectroscopy Of Amines

In proton NMR spectroscopy, primary amines and secondary amines showcase their N–H protons as a broad signal in the chemical shift range between δ 0.5 and 5 ppm. The exact position in this range depends on several factors, including sample concentration, hydrogen bonding, and the type of solvent used. Since amine protons undergo fast proton exchange in solution, the protons are labile and therefore do not participate in any splitting with adjacent protons. Thus, the observed peak is broad and...
Structure of Amines01:19

Structure of Amines

The hybridized nitrogen atom in amines possesses a lone pair of electrons and is bound to three substituents with a bond angle of around 108°, which is less than the tetrahedral angle of 109.5°. However, the C–N–H bond angle is slightly larger at 112°, with a carbon–nitrogen bond length of 147 pm. This carbon–nitrogen bond length of of amines is longer than the carbon–oxygen bond of alcohols (143 pm) but shorter than alkanes’ carbon–carbon bond (154 pm). These aspects are illustrated in Figure...
Amines: Introduction01:07

Amines: Introduction

Amines are organic derivatives of ammonia. They are formed by replacing one or more ammonia protons with alkyl or aryl groups. Depending upon the number of organyl groups bonded to nitrogen, amines are classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary. Primary amines have one organyl group attached to the nitrogen atom, while secondary and tertiary amines have two and three organyl groups attached to the nitrogen atom, respectively.
Mass Spectrometry: Amine Fragmentation00:55

Mass Spectrometry: Amine Fragmentation

Amines can be identified using mass spectroscopy based on their characteristic fragmentation patterns. The molecular ions of amines undergo fragmentation via ⍺-cleavage. The ⍺-cleavage of the carbon-carbon bonds in amines generates an alkyl radical and resonance-stabilized nitrogen-containing cation.
In amines, the number of nitrogen atoms affects the mass of the molecular ion, which is described by the nitrogen rule of mass spectrometry. This rule states that a compound containing a single or...
Physical Properties of Amines01:26

Physical Properties of Amines

Amines with low molecular weight are usually gaseous at room temperature, while those with high molecular weight are liquid or solids in nature. Usually, low molecular weight amines have a rotten fish-like smell. Diamines typically have a pungent smell. For instance, cadaverine and putrescine, depicted in Figure 1, are two molecules responsible for decaying tissue.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 19, 2026

A Convenient Method for Extraction and Analysis with High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography of Catecholamine Neurotransmitters and Their Metabolites
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A Convenient Method for Extraction and Analysis with High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography of Catecholamine Neurotransmitters and Their Metabolites

Published on: March 1, 2018

Analysis of biologically active amines by CE.

Tai-Chia Chiu1, Yang-Wei Lin, Yu-Fen Huang

  • 1Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.

Electrophoresis
|November 3, 2006
PubMed
Summary

This review covers capillary electrophoresis (CE) methods for analyzing biogenic amines. It highlights techniques like capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) and micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) for efficient biogenic amine detection.

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Preparation and In Vivo Use of an Activity-based Probe for N-acylethanolamine Acid Amidase
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Preparation and In Vivo Use of an Activity-based Probe for N-acylethanolamine Acid Amidase

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Methods to Identify the NMR Resonances of the 13C-Dimethyl N-terminal Amine on Reductively Methylated Proteins
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Methods to Identify the NMR Resonances of the 13C-Dimethyl N-terminal Amine on Reductively Methylated Proteins

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A Convenient Method for Extraction and Analysis with High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography of Catecholamine Neurotransmitters and Their Metabolites
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Methods to Identify the NMR Resonances of the 13C-Dimethyl N-terminal Amine on Reductively Methylated Proteins
13:59

Methods to Identify the NMR Resonances of the 13C-Dimethyl N-terminal Amine on Reductively Methylated Proteins

Published on: December 12, 2013

Area of Science:

  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Biogenic amines are crucial biomarkers in various biological and food samples.
  • Accurate and efficient analysis of biogenic amines is essential for diagnostics and quality control.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of capillary electrophoresis (CE) applications for biogenic amine analysis.
  • To survey current separation and detection strategies for biogenic amines using CE.

Main Methods:

  • Capillary Zone Electrophoresis (CZE) and Micellar Electrokinetic Chromatography (MEKC) for separation.
  • Detection methods including Laser-Induced Fluorescence (LIF), UV-visible absorption, electrochemiluminescence, and Mass Spectrometry (MS).
  • On-line concentration techniques like field-amplified sample stacking (FASS) and sweeping.

Main Results:

  • CZE and MEKC offer highly efficient and reproducible analysis of biogenic amines.
  • Various derivatization and detection strategies enhance sensitivity and specificity.
  • On-line concentration techniques improve detection limits for trace amounts.

Conclusions:

  • CE is a practical and versatile technique for determining biogenic amines in diverse biological samples.
  • Developed CE techniques are applicable to food, beverages, cerebrospinal fluid, urine, and single cells.