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Psychosis: Pathophysiology of Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders

Psychosis: Pathophysiology of Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders

Schizophrenia is a neurodevelopmental disorder whose origins are rooted in complex genetic components. Despite our burgeoning understanding, the pathophysiology of this disorder remains incompletely deciphered.
Researchers have identified genetic factors that increase susceptibility to schizophrenia, underscoring the intricate interplay between genetics and environment in disease development. At the core of schizophrenia's pathophysiology is excessive dopaminergic neurotransmission within the...

Biological Causes of Schizophrenia

Biological Causes of Schizophrenia

Schizophrenia, a severe psychiatric disorder, arises from a complex interplay of biological factors, including genetic predisposition, structural brain abnormalities, neurotransmitter dysregulation, and developmental irregularities. These factors collectively contribute to the onset and progression of the disorder, which typically manifests in late adolescence or early adulthood.
Genetic Factors in Schizophrenia
The genetic basis of schizophrenia is strongly supported by family and twin studies.

Psychological and Sociocultural Causes of Schizophrenia

Psychological and Sociocultural Causes of Schizophrenia

Schizophrenia, a complex psychiatric disorder, has been historically misunderstood. Early psychological theories attributed its origins to childhood trauma and unresponsive parenting. However, contemporary research largely rejects these notions, favoring the vulnerability-stress hypothesis. This model proposes that individuals with a genetic predisposition to schizophrenia may develop the disorder following exposure to significant environmental stressors. Notably, studies on high-risk...

Schizophrenia

Schizophrenia

Schizophrenia, a term introduced by Swiss psychiatrist Eugen Bleuler in 1911, describes a severe psychological disorder marked by profound disruptions in attention, thought processes, language, emotion, and interpersonal relationships. The core feature of schizophrenia is psychosis — a state characterized by a fundamental detachment from reality. This disconnection manifests through distorted logic, impaired perception, and atypical behavior, severely affecting the lives of those diagnosed.

Psychosis and Antipsychotic Drugs: Overview

Psychosis and Antipsychotic Drugs: Overview

The term "psychosis" refers to a spectrum of mental disorders characterized by abnormal thoughts, perceptions, and behaviors. It can manifest as mood disorders, dementia, delirium with psychotic features, substance-induced psychosis with psychotic features, brief psychotic disorder, delusional disorder, schizoaffective disorder, and schizophrenia. Among all these disorders, schizophrenia is the most common psychotic disorder, affecting 1% of the worldwide population. Psychotic symptoms in all...

Psychosis: Goals of Pharmacotherapy

Psychosis: Goals of Pharmacotherapy

Antipsychotic drugs are a crucial treatment method for acute and chronic psychoses, bipolar illness, and behavioral disorders. The selection of these drugs depends on several factors, including the state of the disease, clinical judgment, possible drug interactions, and the patient's sensitivity to adverse effects. In immediate scenarios, such as delirium and dementia, short-term treatment with low doses of high-potency typical or atypical agents can effectively manage symptom exacerbation. For...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 19, 2026

Derivation, Expansion, Cryopreservation and Characterization of Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

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Neuroprotection in schizophrenia.

L Fredrik Jarskog¹, Jeffrey A Lieberman

¹Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, USA.

The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry

|November 4, 2006

Summary

Early antipsychotic treatment in schizophrenia may protect the brain by slowing gray matter loss and functional decline. This neuroprotection strategy can lead to better outcomes for patients experiencing psychosis.

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Psychiatry
Neuroimaging

Background:

Schizophrenia is characterized by progressive gray matter loss in the cortex.
This gray matter loss correlates with functional decline in patients.
Neuroprotection, maintaining brain integrity against stress, is a potential therapeutic goal.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate if early antipsychotic treatment can mitigate structural brain deterioration in schizophrenia.
To explore the potential for neuroprotection in managing schizophrenia progression.

Main Methods:

Longitudinal neuroimaging studies were used.
Structural and functional brain changes were assessed in patients with schizophrenia.

Main Results:

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Last Updated: Jul 19, 2026

Derivation, Expansion, Cryopreservation and Characterization of Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

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Published on: November 19, 2020

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Progressive gray matter loss in the cortex was observed in patients who converted to psychosis.
Gray matter loss was associated with functional decline.
Early, appropriate antipsychotic selection may modify the rate of structural deterioration.

Conclusions:

Neuroprotection is achievable in schizophrenia.
First-episode antipsychotic treatment can influence the rate of structural brain changes.
Modifying structural deterioration may lead to improved patient outcomes.