Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jul 19, 2026

Closure of a Patent Foramen Ovale (PFO): An Intervention Sequence
Published on: December 23, 2022
Percutaneous closure of ventricular septal defects
Gianfranco Butera1, Massimo Chessa, Luciane Piazza
1Istituto Policlinico San Donato, Pediatric Cardiology, Via Morandi, 30--20097 San Donato, Milanese, Italy. gianfra.but@lycos.com
Abstract:
Isolated ventricular septal defect is the most common form of congenital heart disease. Surgery has been performed for many years and is considered the gold standard for the treatment of ventricular septal defects. However, it is associated with morbidity and mortality. Less invasive techniques have been developed and currently percutaneous closure of muscular and perimembranous ventricular septal defects has to be considered a possible alternative to the standard surgical approach.

