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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response01:27

Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response

Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
Immunological surveillance is the ability of immune cells to monitor and eliminate infected cells with intracellular pathogens, neoplastically transformed cells, and cells with non-self antigens. Cytotoxic T cells and NK...
B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 19, 2026

Tailoring In Vivo Cytotoxicity Assays to Study Immunodominance in Tumor-specific CD8+ T Cell Responses
10:13

Tailoring In Vivo Cytotoxicity Assays to Study Immunodominance in Tumor-specific CD8+ T Cell Responses

Published on: May 6, 2019

Functional dichotomy in CD40 reciprocally regulates effector T cell functions.

Gopal Murugaiyan1, Reena Agrawal, Gyan C Mishra

  • 1National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune, India.

Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)
|November 4, 2006
PubMed
Summary

Interleukin-10 (IL-10) limits CD40-mediated anti-tumor T cell responses. Blocking IL-10 or using IL-10-deficient dendritic cells enhances anti-tumor immunity and memory, offering new therapeutic strategies.

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Measuring Mitochondrial Function of Naïve and Effector CD8 T Cells
06:07

Measuring Mitochondrial Function of Naïve and Effector CD8 T Cells

Published on: March 28, 2025

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 19, 2026

Tailoring In Vivo Cytotoxicity Assays to Study Immunodominance in Tumor-specific CD8+ T Cell Responses
10:13

Tailoring In Vivo Cytotoxicity Assays to Study Immunodominance in Tumor-specific CD8+ T Cell Responses

Published on: May 6, 2019

Measuring Mitochondrial Function of Naïve and Effector CD8 T Cells
06:07

Measuring Mitochondrial Function of Naïve and Effector CD8 T Cells

Published on: March 28, 2025

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cancer Biology
  • T Cell Activation

Background:

  • T cell activation requires T cell receptor (TCR) and costimulatory signals, like CD40-CD40 Ligand (CD40L).
  • Previous attempts using tumor antigens and CD40-CD40L for anti-tumor T cell induction showed limited efficacy in preventing tumor growth.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of CD40 signaling in prostate tumor immunity.
  • To identify mechanisms underlying the incomplete efficacy of CD40-mediated anti-tumor T cell induction.
  • To explore strategies for enhancing anti-tumor T cell memory and therapeutic vaccination.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a prostate tumor model in mice.
  • Investigated the function of CD40 and its regulation by Interleukin-10 (IL-10).
  • Employed IL-10-deficient dendritic cells (DCs) and anti-IL-10 antibodies for priming and therapeutic vaccination.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated a functional dichotomy of CD40, where it induces IL-10, which subsequently limits its own anti-tumor functions.
  • IL-10 was found to inhibit CD40-induced cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) production, TNF-alpha and IL-12 release, Th1 skewing, and tumor regression.
  • Priming with IL-10-deficient DCs or using anti-IL-10 antibodies established protective anti-tumor memory T cells.

Conclusions:

  • IL-10 acts as a critical negative regulator of CD40-mediated anti-tumor immunity.
  • Modulating IL-10 signaling in conjunction with CD40 activation can enhance anti-tumor T cell memory.
  • This study presents a novel principle for prophylactic and therapeutic vaccination against tumors by targeting the IL-10-sensitive CD40 pathway.