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Related Concept Videos

Inhibitors of Viral Protein Synthesis01:30

Inhibitors of Viral Protein Synthesis

Protein synthesis is indispensable for viral replication, as viruses lack the cellular machinery required for this process and must hijack the host's translational apparatus. In response, host cells deploy a critical innate immune defense involving interferons, specialized cytokines that play a central role in inhibiting viral propagation.Upon viral detection, infected cells release interferons that bind to receptors on adjacent uninfected cells, activating the JAK-STAT signaling pathway and...
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T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
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Inflammatory Response01:28

Inflammatory Response

An inflammatory response is a localized, nonspecific immune reaction that occurs when a tissue is injured. It is characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain, which are commonly called the cardinal signs and symptoms of inflammation. Inflammation can sometimes result in a loss of function.
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NF-κB-dependent Signaling Pathway02:26

NF-κB-dependent Signaling Pathway

The transcription factor NF-κB was discovered in 1986 in the lab of Nobel laureate Professor David Baltimore, for its interaction with the immunoglobulin light chain enhancer in B-cells. After more than three decades of study, it is now evident that NF-κB regulates the expression of over 100 genes. Most of these genes play an essential role in the innate and adaptive immune responses as well as the inflammatory responses of animals.
NF-κB-dependent Signaling Mechanism
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The JAK-STAT Signaling Pathway01:20

The JAK-STAT Signaling Pathway

Several cytokine receptors have tightly bound Janus kinase or JAK proteins attached at their cytosolic tail. Small signaling molecules such as cytokines, growth hormones, or prolactins bind to the cytokine receptors and initiate their dimerization. The dimerization brings the cytosolic JAKs together that trans-phosphorylate and activates each other. The activated JAKs now phosphorylate cytosolic tails of the cytokine receptors, which serve as binding sites for adaptor proteins such as  SH2...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 19, 2026

Experimental Infection with Listeria monocytogenes as a Model for Studying Host Interferon-γ Responses
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Experimental Infection with Listeria monocytogenes as a Model for Studying Host Interferon-γ Responses

Published on: November 16, 2016

Modulation of the human cytokine response by interferon lambda-1 (IFN-lambda1/IL-29).

W J Jordan1, J Eskdale, M Boniotto

  • 1Department of Oral Biology, New Jersey Dental School, Newark, NJ, USA.

Genes and Immunity
|November 4, 2006
PubMed
Summary

Interferon lambda 1 (IFN-lambda1) activates monocytes and macrophages to produce IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10. This cytokine plays a key role in innate immune responses during viral infections.

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Last Updated: Jul 19, 2026

Experimental Infection with Listeria monocytogenes as a Model for Studying Host Interferon-γ Responses
10:10

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Virology
  • Cytokine Biology

Background:

  • The interferon lambda (IFN-lambda) family, including IFN-lambda1/IL-29, are novel cytokines related to type-1 interferons and IL-10.
  • These cytokines are induced during viral infections and exhibit antiviral activity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the capacity of IFN-lambda1 to modulate cytokine production by human immune cells.
  • To elucidate the role of IFN-lambda1 in innate immune responses.

Main Methods:

  • Exposure of whole peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and purified monocyte/lymphocyte populations to IFN-lambda1.
  • Analysis of cytokine production (IL-6, -8, -10, TNF, IL-1) using stimulated cells.
  • Examination of IFN-lambda1 effects on low-level LPS-stimulated monocytes and human macrophages.

Main Results:

  • IFN-lambda1 specifically upregulated IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10 in PBMC in a dose-dependent manner.
  • Monocytes, not lymphocytes, were the primary IFN-lambda1-responsive cells, producing IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10.
  • IFN-lambda1 synergistically enhanced monocyte responses to low-level LPS and activated macrophages to produce these cytokines.

Conclusions:

  • IFN-lambda1 activates monocytes and macrophages, leading to the production of a specific set of cytokines (IL-6, -8, -10).
  • IFN-lambda1 is crucial for initiating innate immune responses at viral infection sites.