Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jul 19, 2026

An Optimized Hemagglutination Inhibition (HI) Assay to Quantify Influenza-specific Antibody Titers
Published on: December 1, 2017
Response to influenza vaccine in people with non-protective HI antibody titers
Abstract:
The purpose of the study was to determine which factors correlate directly with response to vaccination in such a group of subjects with non-protective HI antibody titers before vaccination. Two vaccines were used, a subunit virus vaccine adjuvanted with MF59 and a split virus vaccine. The analysis indicated that immunization with vaccine adjuvanted with MF59 was an independent variable for immune response against A/H3N2 (OR: 3.51; 95% CI: 1.81-6.79) and B (OR: 2.31; 95% CI: 1.37-3.89). The results suggest that antibody response to vaccine is satisfactory in elderly people previously lacking a protective antibody titer, and that the adjuvanted vaccine reveals a better immunogenicity.
Related Concept Videos
Vaccinations
Cross-reactivity
Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens
NK Cells
NK cells are a crucial part of our innate immune system, acting as the first line of defense against viral infections. These cells can recognize and kill infected cells without prior exposure to the virus, effectively slowing down the spread of infection. Additionally, NK cells produce proinflammatory...
Humoral Immune Responses
Influenza
Immunological Memory
What is Immunological Memory?
Immunological memory is an integral function of the immune system that allows it to recognize and react more rapidly and effectively to pathogens previously encountered. This feature is...

