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Ethers can be prepared from organic compounds by various methods. Some of them are discussed below,
Preparation of Ethers by Alcohol Dehydration
In this method, in the presence of protic acids, alcohol dehydrates to produce alkenes and ethers under different conditions. For example, in the presence of sulphuric acid, dehydration of ethanol at 413 K yields ethoxyethane, whereas it yields ethene at 443 K.
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An alkene, such as propene, reacts with bromine in the presence of water to yield a halohydrin. Halohydrins contain a halogen and a hydroxyl group attached to adjacent carbons. When the halogen is bromine, it is called a bromohydrin, while a chlorohydrin has chlorine as the halogen.
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Introduction
One of the convenient methods for the preparation of aldehydes and ketones is via hydration of alkynes. Hydroboration-oxidation of alkynes is an indirect hydration reaction in which an alkyne is treated with borane followed by oxidation with alkaline peroxide to form an enol that rapidly converts into an aldehyde or a ketone. Terminal alkynes form aldehydes, whereas internal alkynes give ketones as the final product.
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The acid-catalyzed addition of water to the double bond of alkenes is a large-scale industrial method used to synthesize low-molecular-weight alcohols. An acidic atmosphere is required to allow the hydrogen in the water molecule to act as an electrophile and attack the double bond in an alkene. The addition of a proton to the double bond creates a carbocation intermediate. The proton preferentially bonds to the less substituted end of the double bond to create a more stable carbocation...
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In a dehydration reaction, a hydroxyl group in an alcohol is eliminated along with the hydrogen from an adjacent carbon. Here, the products are an alkene and a molecule of water. Dehydration of alcohols is generally achieved by heating in the presence of an acid catalyst. While the dehydration of primary alcohols requires high temperatures and acid concentrations, secondary and tertiary alcohols can lose a water molecule under relatively mild conditions.
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Protons bonded to heteroatoms such as nitrogen and oxygen exhibit a range of chemical shift values. This is due to the varying degree of hydrogen bonding between the proton and the heteroatom in other molecules. The extent of hydrogen bonding affects the electron density around the proton, thereby giving different chemical shift values for the protons in the proton NMR spectrum.
The –OH proton in alcohols typically appears in the range of δ 2 to 5 ppm but can vary depending on the...
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Direct experimental observation of CS2OH.

Giulia de Petris1, Marzio Rosi, Anna Troiani

  • 1Dipartimento di Studi di Chimica e Tecnologia delle Sostanze Biologicamente Attive, Università La Sapienza, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy. giulia.depetris@uniroma1.it

Chemphyschem : a European Journal of Chemical Physics and Physical Chemistry
|November 7, 2006
PubMed
Summary

Scientists experimentally detected the CS(2)OH molecule for the first time. This transient species was observed in the gas phase for a microsecond using mass spectrometry and theoretical calculations.

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Area of Science:

  • Chemical physics
  • Molecular spectroscopy
  • Mass spectrometry

Background:

  • The existence and properties of transient molecular species are crucial for understanding chemical reactions.
  • Experimental detection of novel molecules provides insights into chemical bonding and reaction mechanisms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To report the first experimental detection of the CS(2)OH molecule.
  • To characterize the structure and stability of CS(2)OH and its cation.

Main Methods:

  • Generation of CS(2)OH via electron transfer to CS(2)OH(+) ions in a mass spectrometer.
  • Observation of the intact CS(2)OH species in the gas phase.
  • Theoretical calculations using B3LYP and CCSD(T) methods.

Main Results:

  • Successful experimental detection of CS(2)OH as an intact, isolated species.
  • Observation duration of approximately one microsecond.
  • Experimental findings were consistent with theoretical calculations of structure, stability, and energetics.

Conclusions:

  • The study confirms the existence of CS(2)OH as a transient molecule.
  • Experimental and theoretical data provide a comprehensive characterization of CS(2)OH and CS(2)OH(+) properties.