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Updated: Jul 19, 2026

Induction of Alloantigen-specific Anergy in Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells by Alloantigen Stimulation with Co-stimulatory Signal Blockade
Published on: March 14, 2011
Immunomodulation of allergic responses by targeting costimulatory molecules
Kai Yu Jen1, Vipul V Jain, Samir Makani
1Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California, USA.
Purpose Of Review:
This review focuses on putative targets, including costimulatory and additional pathways involving T regulatory cells, that may be critical for modifying allergic responses.
Recent Findings:
Multiple costimulatory signals including CD28/CTLA4: CD80/CD86, ICOS: ICOSL, OX40:OX40L and PD-1: PD-L1/PD-L2 have been identified and implicated in the regulation of immune disorders. Recent studies indicate that T regulatory cells may also suppress T cell costimulation by the secretion of TGF-beta and IL-10, suggesting an important role of T regulatory cells in the regulation of allergic disorders.
Summary:
Immune-mediated disorders, including allergic diseases, have been increasing in prevalence. Unravelling these immune pathways may suggest new targets for immunomodulation.
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