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Computed Tomography

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Tomography refers to imaging by sections. Computed tomography (CT) is a non-invasive imaging technique that uses computers to analyze several cross-sectional X-rays to reveal minute details about structures in the body.
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Positron Emission Tomography

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 19, 2026

Three-Dimensional Cephalometric Landmark Annotation Demonstration on Human Cone Beam Computed Tomography Scans

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Published on: September 8, 2023

Four-dimensional cone-beam computed tomography using an on-board imager.

Tianfang Li¹, Lei Xing, Peter Munro

¹Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA.

Medical Physics

|November 9, 2006

Summary

This study introduces a novel method for creating high-quality four-dimensional (4D) cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images by using respiratory phase binning. This technique minimizes artifacts from organ motion without increasing patient radiation dose.

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Four-Dimensional CT Analysis Using Sequential 3D-3D Registration

Four-Dimensional CT Analysis Using Sequential 3D-3D Registration

Published on: November 23, 2019

Area of Science:

Medical Imaging
Radiotherapy Physics
Computational Imaging

Background:

On-board cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) offers volumetric data for improved patient positioning and dose verification in radiotherapy.
Current CBCT systems face limitations due to scatter, beam hardening, and intra-scanning organ motion, impacting image quality.
Organ motion significantly degrades CBCT image quality, necessitating advanced imaging techniques.

Purpose of the Study:

To quantitatively assess the impact of organ motion on CBCT imaging.
To develop and validate a strategy for acquiring high-quality, phase-resolved four-dimensional (4D) CBCT images.
To optimize the 4D CBCT data acquisition protocol for clinical implementation.

Main Methods:

Developed an efficient method for phase binning of CBCT projection data based on respiratory phase.
Reconstructed phase-binned projections using the conventional Feldkamp algorithm to generate 4D CBCT images.
Conducted phantom and patient studies to validate the technique and optimize acquisition parameters.

Main Results:

Demonstrated reliable phase binning of CBCT projections using external or internal markers.
Achieved artifact-free 4D CBCT images comparable in quality to standard 3D CBCT.
Confirmed that 4D CBCT can be obtained without increasing patient radiation dose compared to 3D CBCT.

Conclusions:

Phase-resolved 4D CBCT imaging is feasible and effective for mitigating organ motion artifacts.
The developed phase binning strategy enables high-quality 4D CBCT reconstruction.
This technique offers a path to enhanced target localization and dose verification in radiotherapy without additional radiation exposure.