Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Bones of the Lower Limb: Femur and Patella

Bones of the Lower Limb: Femur and Patella

The femur is the body's longest and strongest bone spanning the thigh region. Its head articulates with the acetabulum of the hip bone to form the hip joint. A minor indentation on the medial side of the femoral head, called the fovea capitis, serves as the site of attachment for the ligament of the head of the femur. This weak ligament spans the femur and acetabulum and supports the hip joint. The narrowed region below the head is the neck of the femur. The inclination angle between the neck...

Knee Joint

Knee Joint

The knee joint is the most complicated joint in the body. It consists of three articulations– two tibiofemoral and one patellofemoral. As is characteristic of synovial joints, the knee joint has a thin articular capsule that partially surrounds this joint cavity. Additionally, several ligaments, muscles, and cartilaginous structures support the movement of the knee.
A total of seven ligaments support the knee joint. The patellar ligament, which is also attached to the quadriceps femoris group...

Ankle Joint

Ankle Joint

The ankle is formed by the talocrural joint (crural = leg). It consists of the articulations between the talus bone of the foot and the distal ends of the tibia and fibula of the leg. The superior aspect of the talus bone is square-shaped and has three areas of articulation. The top of the talus articulates with the inferior tibia. This is the portion of the ankle joint that carries the body weight between the leg and foot. The sides of the talus are firmly held in position by the articulations...

Muscles that Move the Leg

Muscles that Move the Leg

The movement of the legs is facilitated by numerous muscles located within the anterior, medial, and posterior compartments of the thigh.
Anterior Compartment
The quadriceps femoris, the most visible muscle of the anterior compartment, is integral for leg extension and thigh flexion. It is formed by merging four distinct muscles — the vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius, and rectus femoris. The quadriceps tendon, a shared tendon of the four quadriceps muscles, is affixed to...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

In Vivo 3-Dimensional Glenohumeral Joint Geometry Based Upon Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Computed Tomography Analysis Shows Deeper, Thicker, and Taller Glenoid Labrum Morphology at 12 O'Clock Position in Healthy Young Adults.

Arthroscopy : the journal of arthroscopic & related surgery : official publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association·2026

Same author

Manual and Visual Assessment of Foot Type and Posture Correlate Poorly With Radiographic Assessment: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Foot & ankle orthopaedics·2026

Same author

Larger Lumbar Vertebral Body Osteophyte Volume Is Associated With Older Age and a More Caudal Vertebral Level in Individuals With Chronic Low Back Pain.

JOR spine·2026

Same author

The Effect of Greater Tuberosity Decortication (Biogrooves) on Rotator Cuff Fixation: A Biomechanical Study.

Orthopaedic journal of sports medicine·2026

Same author

The Sport Publication Observational Research Tool (SPORT): An Objective Tool to Score the Methodological Quality of Observational Clinical Sports Medicine Research.

Orthopaedic journal of sports medicine·2026

Same author

Preoperative Patient-Specific Factors Predict the Change in Adjacent Segment Range of Motion Three Years After Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion.

Spine·2026

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 19, 2026

Early Weight-Bearing Rehabilitation Protocol After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction

Early Weight-Bearing Rehabilitation Protocol After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction

Published on: March 1, 2024

Dynamic function of the ACL-reconstructed knee during running.

Scott Tashman¹, Patricia Kolowich, David Collon

¹Department of Orthopaedics, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. stashman@upmc.edu

Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research

|November 9, 2006

Summary

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction alters knee rotation and alignment during running. Graft function may decline over time, potentially increasing long-term joint degeneration risk.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 19, 2026

Early Weight-Bearing Rehabilitation Protocol After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction

Early Weight-Bearing Rehabilitation Protocol After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction

Published on: March 1, 2024

Area of Science:

Orthopedics
Biomechanics
Sports Medicine

Background:

The three-dimensional (3D) behavior of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstructed knees during dynamic activities is not well understood.
Changes in reconstructed knee function over time require further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the in vivo 3D knee kinematics of ACL-reconstructed knees during functional loading.
To compare the dynamic function of reconstructed knees with uninjured contralateral knees.
To assess changes in reconstructed knee function between 5 and 12 months post-surgery.

Main Methods:

16 subjects underwent ACL reconstruction (bone-patellar tendon-bone or quadrupled hamstring tendon graft).
Knee kinematics were measured during downhill running at 5 and 12 months post-surgery using stereoradiography (250 fps).
Repeated-measures ANOVA was used to analyze differences between limbs and over time.

Main Results:

No significant differences in anterior tibial translation were observed between reconstructed and uninjured knees.
Reconstructed knees exhibited increased external rotation and varus (adduction) during the stance phase of running.
Anterior tibial translation increased in reconstructed knees from 5 to 12 months post-surgery.

Conclusions:

ACL reconstruction does not fully restore normal knee rotational kinematics during dynamic activities.
A potential degradation of graft function over time was observed in reconstructed knees.
Abnormal joint motion post-ACL reconstruction may contribute to long-term joint degeneration.