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Updated: Jul 19, 2026
Surgical Retrieval, Isolation and In vitro Expansion of Human Anterior Cruciate Ligament-derived Cells for Tissue Engineering Applications
Published on: April 30, 2014
Current concepts review: revision anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction
Michael S George1, Warren R Dunn, Kurt P Spindler
1Vanderbilt Sports Medicine, Vanderbilt Orthopaedic Institute, 4200 Medical Center East, South Tower, Nashville, TN 37232-8774, USA.
Abstract:
Failed anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction presents a difficult clinical challenge. Successful revision ACL reconstruction depends on identifying the causes of failure and correcting technical or diagnostic errors. Failed ACL reconstruction may be either traumatic or atraumatic. Atraumatic failures may be attributable to technical errors, diagnostic errors, or failure of graft incorporation. Published outcomes of revision ACL reconstruction have been worse than for primary ACL reconstruction. The preoperative evaluation, surgical techniques, and clinical outcomes of revision ACL reconstruction are reviewed.