Pharmaceuticals analysis by capillary electrophoresis at nanolevel detection

There is an urgent need to analyze drugs and pharmaceuticals at nanoscale detection, both now and in the future. Capillary electrophoresis is a growing technique that is continuously developing with improved detectors, sample preparation units, and other components. This article describes the analysis of drugs and pharmaceuticals by capillary electrophoresis at nanoscale detection in various standard solutions, dosage formulations, and biological samples. Nanoscale detection analysis is discussed in terms of the advancement in the detectors and sample preparation methods. The coupling of the detectors and sample preparation units to capillary electrophoresis is also discussed. Attempts have been made to evaluate the optimization strategies of capillary electrophoresis conditions to achieve detection at the nanoscale. Applications of capillary electrophoresis for the analyses of simple and chiral mixtures of several drugs and pharmaceuticals at nanoscale detection are included.