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Related Concept Videos

Encephalitis l: Introduction01:19

Encephalitis l: Introduction

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...
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Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...
Arboviral Encephalitis01:25

Arboviral Encephalitis

Arboviral encephalitis refers to brain inflammation caused by arthropod-borne viruses, particularly those transmitted through mosquito vectors. Among these, West Nile virus (WNV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, is a significant public health concern. WNV is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. Human infection typically begins when an infected mosquito introduces the virus into the dermis during feeding. The primary transmission cycle involves birds as amplifying hosts...
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Cytotoxic Edema: Pathophysiology

Cytotoxic edema is a form of cerebral edema characterized by intracellular swelling of neurons, astrocytes, and other glial cells. It develops when the mechanisms responsible for maintaining ionic gradients across the cell membrane become impaired. Under normal physiological conditions, the sodium–potassium ATPase actively transports sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell, preserving osmotic balance and enabling electrical signaling. This pump requires a continuous supply...
Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology01:22

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Vasogenic edema is a major form of cerebral edema characterized by abnormal accumulation of fluid in the brain’s extracellular space due to disruption of the blood–brain barrier (BBB). The BBB is a specialized structure composed of endothelial cells connected by tight junctions, supported by astrocytic endfeet and a basement membrane. Under normal conditions, it tightly regulates the movement of ions, proteins, and solutes between the bloodstream and brain parenchyma. When this barrier loses...
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A brain abscess is a focal, intracerebral infection characterized by a localized collection of pus within the brain parenchyma, resulting from microbial invasion and the body’s inflammatory response. It progresses through stages: early and late cerebritis, followed by early and late capsule formation, reflecting tissue destruction, immune response, and eventual encapsulation.Etiology and PathogenesisCausative organisms vary with source and host factors, often involving polymicrobial infections,...

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A Model for Epilepsy of Infectious Etiology using Theiler's Murine Encephalomyelitis Virus
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Recurrent limbic and extralimbic encephalitis associated with thymoma.

Kenji Okita1, Noriyuki Matsukawa, Manabu Hattori

  • 1Department of Neurology & Neuroscience, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan.

Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery
|November 11, 2006
PubMed
Summary

A woman with invasive thymoma experienced recurrent encephalitis with brain lesions. Steroid pulse therapy effectively resolved lesions and neurological symptoms, suggesting a link between thymoma and autoimmune encephalitis.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroimmunology
  • Oncology
  • Neurology

Background:

  • Invasive thymoma is a rare tumor with potential paraneoplastic neurological manifestations.
  • Autoimmune encephalitis can present with diverse neurological symptoms and characteristic MRI findings.

Observation:

  • A patient with a history of invasive thymoma developed recurrent episodes of encephalitis characterized by seizures, confusion, and motor deficits.
  • Brain MRI revealed multiple transient T2/FLAIR hyperintensities in the cortical areas.
  • Brain biopsy confirmed encephalitis with microglial activation and T-cell infiltration.

Findings:

  • Initial presentation with seizures resolved with anticonvulsants, with complete MRI lesion disappearance.
  • Subsequent episodes with varied neurological deficits also showed transient MRI lesions.
  • Steroid pulse therapy led to lesion resolution and minimal neurological sequelae after recurrent episodes.

Implications:

  • This case highlights a potential paraneoplastic autoimmune encephalitis associated with invasive thymoma.
  • Recurrent neurological episodes in thymoma patients warrant investigation for autoimmune encephalitis.
  • Prompt diagnosis and immunomodulatory treatment, such as steroids, are crucial for managing thymoma-associated autoimmune encephalitis.