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Providing Visual Biofeedback Using Brightness Mode Ultrasound During a Golf Swing
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Published on: August 25, 2022

The yips in golf: multimodal evidence for two subtypes.

Cathy M Stinear1, James P Coxon, Melanie K Fleming

  • 1Human Motor Control Laboratory, Department of Sport & Exercise Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand. c.stinear@auckland.ac.nz

Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise
|November 11, 2006
PubMed
Summary

This study identifies two subtypes of the yips in golfers: Type I involves movement difficulties, while Type II is linked to performance anxiety. These findings differentiate the causes of yips for better understanding and treatment.

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Area of Science:

  • Sports Science
  • Motor Control
  • Psychology

Background:

  • The yips, a condition affecting golfers, is characterized by sudden, involuntary movements or a loss of fine motor control during the golf swing.
  • Previous research has suggested various causes for the yips, including psychological factors and biomechanical issues, but a clear categorization has been lacking.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate and validate a model proposing two distinct subtypes of the yips.
  • To differentiate these subtypes using physiological, behavioral, and psychological measures.

Main Methods:

  • Recruited golfers experiencing yips (n=15) and a control group without yips (n=9).
  • Collected electromyographic (EMG) data during a putting task under low- and high-pressure conditions.
  • Assessed anxiety levels and performance on a response inhibition task.

Main Results:

  • Golfers with yips could be classified into two groups: Type I (movement-related symptoms) and Type II (anxiety-related symptoms).
  • Type I yips were associated with increased muscle activity, putting errors, and impaired response inhibition.
  • Type II yips were linked to heightened cognitive anxiety and normal performance on the response inhibition task.

Conclusions:

  • The study provides evidence supporting the existence of two distinct yips subtypes.
  • Type I yips are characterized by impaired motor control, affecting movement initiation and execution.
  • Type II yips are primarily associated with performance anxiety and its psychological effects.