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Related Concept Videos

Factors Influencing Drug Absorption: Pharmaceutical Parameters01:28

Factors Influencing Drug Absorption: Pharmaceutical Parameters

Solid dosage forms such as tablets and capsules undergo rigorous manufacturing processes to ensure stability and effectiveness. Their dissolution and absorption properties are influenced significantly by the choice of excipients (inactive ingredients that serve various roles in the formulation), and the methodology applied during production. The manufacturing parameters, such as compression force and granulation techniques, significantly affect dissolution rates. Elevated compression forces...
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The high insolubility of some precipitates can result in an unfavorable relative supersaturation. This can lead to colloidal particles with a large surface-to-mass ratio, where adsorption is promoted. For instance, in the precipitation of silver chloride, silver ions are adsorbed on the surface of the colloidal particles, forming a primary layer. This layer attracts ions of opposite charge (such as nitrate ions), forming a diffuse secondary layer of adsorbed ions. This electric double layer...
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Changes in polymorphic forms can significantly influence the bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs. Although the FDA defines pharmaceutical equivalence based on having the same active ingredient, dosage form, and route of administration, it does not automatically disqualify products with different polymorphic forms. This means two products with different polymorphs can still be deemed pharmaceutically equivalent. However, polymorphic differences can affect properties like wettability,...
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Polymorphism refers to the existence of a drug substance in multiple crystalline forms, known as polymorphs. Recently, this term has been expanded to include solvates (forms containing a solvent), amorphous forms (non-crystalline forms), and desolvated solvates (forms from which the solvent has been removed).
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After filtration, the precipitate is washed to remove coprecipitated impurities and any remaining mother liquor. Colloidal precipitates, such as silver chloride, are washed with an electrolyte (such as dilute nitric acid) to prevent the peptization of the precipitate. In the case of slightly soluble precipitates, the wash solution contains a common ion to reduce solubility. Lead sulfate, which is slightly soluble in water, is washed with dilute sulfuric acid. Similarly, wash solutions may be...
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Dissolution kinetics, an essential aspect of oral drug delivery, is significantly influenced by the drug's particle size. According to the Noyes-Whitney dissolution model, the dissolution rate correlates directly with the drug's surface area. The larger the surface area, the higher the drug's solubility in water, leading to a faster drug dissolution rate. Reducing particle size increases the effective surface area, enhancing the dissolution process. Micronization and nanosizing are employed to...

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Deliquescence-induced caking in binary powder blends.

Adnan K Salameh1, Lynne S Taylor

  • 1Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.

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|November 15, 2006
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Summary

Moisture causes crystalline powder blends to cake, especially when humidity cycles around their critical point. Different sugar-citric acid mixtures form solid bridges or amorphous material, leading to caking.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Physical Chemistry
  • Powder Technology

Background:

  • Caking of crystalline powders is a common issue in pharmaceutical and food industries.
  • Deliquescent materials absorb atmospheric moisture, which can lead to powder agglomeration and caking.
  • Understanding the mechanisms of moisture-induced caking is crucial for product stability and handling.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the moisture-induced caking behavior of deliquescent crystalline powder blends.
  • To identify the role of critical relative humidity and material composition in cake formation.
  • To differentiate the physical and chemical changes occurring during the caking process.

Main Methods:

  • Preparation of physical mixtures of sugars (glucose, fructose) and citric acid anhydrous.
  • Cyclic exposure of powder blends to varying relative humidity conditions above and below the critical relative humidity.
  • Analysis of cake structure and composition using techniques to identify crystalline and amorphous phases.

Main Results:

  • Significant cake formation was observed in sugar-citric acid anhydrous mixtures upon cycling relative humidity.
  • Glucose-citric acid mixtures showed efflorescence, forming crystalline solid bridges that contributed to caking.
  • Fructose-citric acid mixtures resulted in cakes containing amorphous material, indicating a different caking mechanism.
  • A reduced deliquescence point in the mixtures was identified as a key factor promoting caking.

Conclusions:

  • Moisture-induced caking in deliquescent crystalline powder blends is strongly influenced by relative humidity cycling.
  • The specific sugar-citric acid combination dictates the caking mechanism, leading to either crystalline bridge formation or amorphous content.
  • Lowered deliquescence points in solid mixtures are a primary cause of moisture-induced caking.