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Related Concept Videos

Gene Duplication and Divergence02:37

Gene Duplication and Divergence

The seminal work of Ohno in 1970 popularized the idea of gene duplication and divergence. DNA sequence comparison studies reveal that a large portion of the genes in bacteria, archaebacteria, and eukaryotes was  generated by gene duplication and divergence, indicating its critical role in evolution.
The duplicated copies of the gene are called Paralogs. Paralogs with similar sequences and functions form a gene family. Across several species, a large number of gene families are characterized.
Exon Recombination02:32

Exon Recombination

The evolution of new genes is critical for speciation. Exon recombination, also known as exon shuffling or domain shuffling, is an important means of new gene formation. It is observed across vertebrates, invertebrates, and in some plants such as potatoes and sunflowers. During exon recombination, exons from the same or different genes recombine and produce new exon-intron combinations, which might evolve into new genes. 
Exon shuffling follows “splice frame rules.” Each exon has three reading...
Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?02:05

Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?

The genomes of eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of sequence which do not code for proteins or RNAs. Although some of these regions do contain crucial regulatory sequences, the vast majority of this DNA serves no known function. Typically, these regions of the genome are the ones in which the fastest change, in evolutionary terms, is observed, because there is typically little to no selection pressure acting on these regions to preserve their sequences.
In contrast, regions which code...
Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?02:05

Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?

The genomes of eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of sequence which do not code for proteins or RNAs. Although some of these regions do contain crucial regulatory sequences, the vast majority of this DNA serves no known function. Typically, these regions of the genome are the ones in which the fastest change, in evolutionary terms, is observed, because there is typically little to no selection pressure acting on these regions to preserve their sequences.
In contrast, regions which code...
Gene Families01:57

Gene Families

Gene families consist of groups of genes proposed to have originated from a common ancestor. Typically these arise through events in which a gene or genes are mistakenly duplicated during cell division. Unlike their parent genes (which are subject to selection pressure to maintain function), these gene copies do not need to preserve their sequences and may evolve at a relatively faster rate.
Occasionally these regions can be adapted to take on new roles within the organism, becoming novel genes...
Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes03:21

Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes

While every living organism has a genome of some kind (be it RNA, or DNA), there is considerable variation in the sizes of these blueprints. One major factor that impacts genome size is whether the organism is prokaryotic or eukaryotic. In prokaryotes, the genome contains little to no non-coding sequence, such that genes are tightly clustered in groups or operons sequentially along the chromosome. Conversely, the genes in eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of non-coding sequence.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 18, 2026

Following the Dynamics of Structural Variants in Experimentally Evolved Populations
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Following the Dynamics of Structural Variants in Experimentally Evolved Populations

Published on: February 3, 2023

Multiple gene duplication and rapid evolution in the groEL gene: functional implications.

Kshama Goyal1, Rohini Qamra, Shekhar C Mande

  • 1Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, ECIL Road, Nacharam, Hyderabad, 500 076, India.

Journal of Molecular Evolution
|November 15, 2006
PubMed
Summary

Duplicate bacterial chaperonin (GroEL) genes evolved independently to function without GroES, acquiring mutations for varied roles. This suggests rapid evolution and functional divergence in essential, conserved proteins.

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Last Updated: Jul 18, 2026

Following the Dynamics of Structural Variants in Experimentally Evolved Populations
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The Green Monster Process for the Generation of Yeast Strains Carrying Multiple Gene Deletions
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Published on: December 15, 2012

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Microbial Genetics
  • Protein Folding

Background:

  • Chaperonins like GroEL and GroES are crucial for assisted protein folding and are highly conserved across species.
  • Complete genome sequencing revealed duplicate groEL genes in bacteria like Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Corynebacterium glutamicum.
  • Phylogenetic analysis indicates lineage-specific duplication of groEL genes in certain bacterial clades.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the evolutionary trajectory of duplicated groEL genes in Actinobacteria.
  • To understand how these duplicated genes function independently of GroES.
  • To explore the structural and functional variations arising from rapid evolution in duplicate groEL genes.

Main Methods:

  • Phylogenetic analysis of GroEL protein sequences.
  • Comparative genomics to identify duplicate groEL genes and their associated regulatory elements.
  • Multiple sequence alignment to evaluate mutations in functionally significant regions.

Main Results:

  • Duplicate groEL genes in Actinobacteria evolved to function independently of GroES, despite the absence of operonic groES.
  • Acquired mutations were observed at key positions, including those for substrate binding, ATP binding, GroES binding, and inter/intra-ring interactions.
  • Independent evolution of duplicate groEL genes suggests adaptation to specific clade requirements.

Conclusions:

  • Duplicate groEL genes in different bacterial clades have evolved independently, acquiring unique functional capabilities.
  • The essential and conserved groEL gene can accumulate nonconservative substitutions, leading to structural and functional diversification.
  • This study highlights the dynamic evolution of essential genes and their adaptation to diverse biological needs.