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Asthma I: Introduction

Asthma I: Introduction

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways characterized by variable airflow obstruction and heightened bronchial responsiveness to a wide range of triggers. The underlying inflammation leads to airway swelling, mucus hypersecretion, and smooth muscle constriction, all of which narrow the airway lumen and impede airflow. Clinically, asthma presents with recurrent episodes of wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing, symptoms that typically vary in intensity and...

Asthma III: Clinical Manifestations

Asthma III: Clinical Manifestations

Asthma presents with a characteristic pattern of episodic respiratory symptoms that reflect underlying airway inflammation, bronchoconstriction, and mucus hypersecretion. Although severity varies among individuals, certain clinical manifestations are considered hallmarks of the disorder and often guide diagnosis and assessment.Respiratory SymptomsA persistent cough is one of the most common early features of asthma. It is frequently dry and tends to worsen at night or in the early morning,...

Allergic Reactions

Allergic Reactions

Allergic Reactions: Anaphylaxis

Allergic Reactions: Anaphylaxis

Anaphylaxis is a severe, life-threatening hypersensitivity reaction mediated by Immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies. When IgE binds to allergens, it triggers the release of mediators– histamine, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins from mast cells and basophils. These mediators cause vasodilation, edema, and inflammation, leading to various symptoms.The primary allergens causing anaphylaxis include food items (e.g., peanuts, shellfish), drugs (e.g., penicillin, asparaginase, corticotropin, heparin),...

Skin Diseases and Disorders

Skin Diseases and Disorders

Skin is the first line of defense and encounters a variety of microbes. Some pathogenic strains are often the cause of a broad range of infections of the skin and other body systems. These conditions can affect people of all ages and may have different causes, including genetic factors, infections, autoimmune reactions, environmental factors, and lifestyle choices.
Gram-positive Staphylococcus spp. and Streptococcus spp. are responsible for many of the most common skin infections. However, many...

Asthma-II: Pathophysiology and Classification

Asthma-II: Pathophysiology and Classification

Asthma is a prevalent chronic respiratory condition marked by inflammation and hyperresponsiveness of the airways. Its pathophysiology involves complex interactions among inflammatory pathways, immune responses, and neural mechanisms.
Additionally, environmental and genetic factors play crucial roles in determining an individual's susceptibility to asthma and the severity of their condition.
Critical processes in asthma pathophysiology include:

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 18, 2026

Three-Dimensional Cell Culture Models to Investigate the Epithelial Barrier in Eosinophilic Esophagitis

Three-Dimensional Cell Culture Models to Investigate the Epithelial Barrier in Eosinophilic Esophagitis

Published on: May 10, 2024

Case 31: Eosinophilia and pruritus.

V Jayakar¹, R D Goldin, Barbara J Bain

¹Department of Haematology, St Mary's Hospital, London, UK.

Leukemia & Lymphoma

|November 17, 2006

Summary

A 39-year-old man experienced a pruritic rash, abdominal pain, and weight loss. An emergency laparotomy revealed the cause of his eosinophilia and underlying illness.

Area of Science:

Gastroenterology
Dermatology
Pathology

Background:

Eosinophilia can be a sign of various underlying conditions, including parasitic infections and allergic reactions.
Gastrointestinal symptoms like abdominal pain and weight loss, alongside dermatological manifestations such as pruritic rashes, warrant thorough investigation.

Observation:

A 39-year-old male presented with a constellation of symptoms including a pruritic rash, abdominal pain, and unexplained weight loss.
Blood tests revealed significant eosinophilia, prompting further diagnostic evaluation.

Findings:

Emergency laparotomy was performed due to the severity of symptoms and diagnostic uncertainty.
The surgical exploration definitively identified the underlying illness responsible for the patient's symptoms and marked eosinophilia.

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Granulocyte-dependent Autoantibody-induced Skin Blistering

Granulocyte-dependent Autoantibody-induced Skin Blistering

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Recognition of Epidermal Transglutaminase by IgA and Tissue Transglutaminase 2 Antibodies in a Rare Case of Rhesus Dermatitis

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Granulocyte-dependent Autoantibody-induced Skin Blistering

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Implications:

This case highlights the importance of considering serious underlying pathologies in patients presenting with unexplained eosinophilia and multi-system symptoms.
Diagnostic laparotomy, while invasive, can be crucial in elucidating the cause of obscure gastrointestinal and systemic diseases.