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Related Concept Videos

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease III: Chronic Bronchitis Features01:24

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease III: Chronic Bronchitis Features

Chronic bronchitis is a key phenotype of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), characterized by airway-centered inflammation and mucus overproduction. It develops from long-term exposure to harmful particles or gases, most commonly cigarette smoke, which triggers a persistent inflammatory response.Cellular and Structural ChangesInflammation initially affects the large bronchi and later the smaller airways, with infiltration by immune cells, including neutrophils, macrophages, and...
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-II: Pathophysiology01:20

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-II: Pathophysiology

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) pathophysiology is intricate and multifaceted, involving a complex interplay of physiological processes. Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for effectively managing and treating COPD. Here is an in-depth look at the critical elements in the pathophysiology of COPD:
Chronic Inflammation
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-III: Symptoms and Complications.01:25

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-III: Symptoms and Complications.

Understanding the variety of primary symptoms and systemic complications that characterize chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is crucial for healthcare professionals.
Symptoms of COPD can be classified as primary or systemic. Primary symptoms relate to reduced airflow, while systemic or extrapulmonary symptoms relate to COPD's broader impact on the body.
Primary Symptoms of COPD:
COPD: Pathogenesis and Clinical Features01:20

COPD: Pathogenesis and Clinical Features

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a group of lung conditions that progressively worsen over time, including chronic bronchitis and emphysema. This cluster of diseases collectively leads to a gradual and irreversible decline in lung function over time.
The primary cause for the onset of COPD is cigarette smoking and exposure to air pollution. These hazardous factors initiate a chain reaction within the lungs, resulting in chronic inflammation, damage to the airways, and a...
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease01:24

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

COPD is defined as a heterogeneous lung condition marked by persistent respiratory symptoms such as dyspnea, cough, and sputum production, caused by abnormalities in the airways that cause airflow obstruction.
Smoking is a primary risk factor for COPD, with over 80% of patients having a history of it. Patients typically experience progressive dyspnea or labored breathing, frequent coughing, and recurrent pulmonary infections. Many eventually succumb to respiratory failure, characterized by...
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease IV: Clinical Manifestations01:19

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease IV: Clinical Manifestations

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, or COPD, is a long-term condition marked by persistent and only partially reversible airflow limitation. It involves two overlapping conditions—chronic bronchitis and emphysema—which often co-appear but differ in dominant symptoms and underlying mechanisms.Chronic Bronchitis FeaturesChronic bronchitis presents with a persistent productive cough and thick, sometimes purulent mucus due to airway inflammation, enlarged mucus glands, and goblet cell...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 18, 2026

Alternative Therapy for Acute Exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Moving Cupping Along Meridians
04:03

Alternative Therapy for Acute Exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Moving Cupping Along Meridians

Published on: September 27, 2024

Inflammatory changes, recovery and recurrence at COPD exacerbation.

W R Perera1, J R Hurst, T M A Wilkinson

  • 1Academic Unit of Respiratory Medicine, Royal Free & University College Medical School, Rowland Hill Street, Hampstead, London, NW3 2PF, UK.

The European Respiratory Journal
|November 17, 2006
PubMed
Summary

Persistent systemic inflammation after chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbations is linked to poor recovery and recurrent events. High C-reactive protein levels 14 days post-exacerbation may predict future COPD exacerbations.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 18, 2026

Alternative Therapy for Acute Exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Moving Cupping Along Meridians
04:03

Alternative Therapy for Acute Exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Moving Cupping Along Meridians

Published on: September 27, 2024

Area of Science:

  • Pulmonary Medicine
  • Immunology
  • Clinical Research

Background:

  • Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbations involve significant airway and systemic inflammation.
  • The relationship between COPD exacerbation recovery, recurrence, and inflammatory markers remains under-investigated.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between inflammatory changes during COPD exacerbations and subsequent clinical nonrecovery and recurrent exacerbations.
  • To determine if inflammatory markers can predict exacerbation recurrence.

Main Methods:

  • Serum interleukin (IL)-6, C-reactive protein (CRP), and sputum IL-6 and IL-8 were measured in 73 COPD patients at stable state, during exacerbation, and at 7, 14, and 35 days post-exacerbation.
  • Patients were monitored for symptom recovery and recurrent exacerbations within 50 days.

Main Results:

  • Twenty-three percent of patients showed persistent symptoms without full recovery by day 35, correlating with sustained high serum CRP levels.
  • Twenty-two percent of patients experienced recurrent exacerbations within 50 days, exhibiting significantly higher serum CRP levels at day 14 (8.8 mg.L(-1)) compared to those without recurrence (3.4 mg.L(-1)).
  • Frequent exacerbators demonstrated a less pronounced reduction in systemic inflammation from exacerbation onset to day 35 compared to infrequent exacerbators.

Conclusions:

  • Persistent systemic inflammation following a COPD exacerbation is associated with clinical nonrecovery.
  • The pattern of systemic inflammation differs between frequent and infrequent COPD exacerbators.
  • Elevated serum CRP levels 14 days post-exacerbation may serve as a predictor for recurrent exacerbations within 50 days.