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Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection01:26

Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection

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Chickenpox

Chickenpox is an acute, highly contagious disease caused by the varicella-zoster virus (VZV), a double-stranded DNA virus belonging to the Herpesviridae family. Its transmission occurs primarily through the inhalation of respiratory droplets or direct contact with vesicular fluid from skin lesions. The incubation period typically ranges from 10 to 21 days, during which the virus replicates and disseminates through sequential phases within the host. Although generally self-limiting in children,...
Menopause01:28

Menopause

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Immunological Memory01:23

Immunological Memory

Immunological memory, a pivotal pillar of the adaptive immune system, is responsible for the body's ability to remember and respond more swiftly and effectively to previously encountered pathogens. This remarkable feature is what makes vaccines so effective in preventing diseases.
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Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens01:29

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 18, 2026

Use of Interferon-γ Enzyme-linked Immunospot Assay to Characterize Novel T-cell Epitopes of Human Papillomavirus
13:41

Use of Interferon-γ Enzyme-linked Immunospot Assay to Characterize Novel T-cell Epitopes of Human Papillomavirus

Published on: March 8, 2012

Persistent human papillomavirus infection is associated with a generalized decrease in immune responsiveness in older

Alfonso J García-Piñeres1, Allan Hildesheim, Rolando Herrero

  • 1HPV Immunology Laboratory, Science Applications International Corporation-Frederick, Inc./National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, USA.

Cancer Research
|November 17, 2006
PubMed
Summary

Older women with persistent human papillomavirus (HPV) infection show impaired immune responses to various stimuli, suggesting a generalized immune deficit contributes to HPV persistence and cervical cancer risk.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 18, 2026

Use of Interferon-γ Enzyme-linked Immunospot Assay to Characterize Novel T-cell Epitopes of Human Papillomavirus
13:41

Use of Interferon-γ Enzyme-linked Immunospot Assay to Characterize Novel T-cell Epitopes of Human Papillomavirus

Published on: March 8, 2012

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Oncology
  • Virology

Background:

  • Persistent oncogenic human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is a key factor in cervical cancer development.
  • Host immune responses are critical in determining HPV persistence and cancer risk.
  • The specific immunologic factors driving HPV persistence remain largely unknown.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between lymphoproliferative responses to antigens/mitogens and persistent HPV infection in women over 45.
  • To identify potential immunologic determinants of HPV persistence in an older female population.

Main Methods:

  • A population-based cohort study in Costa Rica involving women over 45.
  • Selection of HPV DNA-positive women (cases, n=283) and HPV DNA-negative controls (n=261), matched for age and enrollment time.
  • Assessment of lymphoproliferative responses to phytohemagglutinin (PHA), influenza virus (Flu), and HPV16 virus-like particle (VLP) in blood and cervical specimens.

Main Results:

  • Women with persistent HPV infection exhibited significantly lower proliferative responses to PHA, Flu, and HPV16 VLP compared to controls.
  • These immune response decrements were more pronounced in women with long-term HPV persistence.
  • The observed effects were specific to the oldest age group (>/=65 years) and suggested a generalized impairment in immune function.

Conclusions:

  • Impaired host immunologic responses are associated with persistent HPV infection in older women.
  • The findings suggest a generalized immune deficit may contribute to HPV persistence.
  • This generalized immune impairment could be a risk factor for cervical neoplasia in older populations.