Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jul 18, 2026
06:50
A Preclinical Controlled Cortical Impact Model for Traumatic Hemorrhage Contusion and Neuroinflammation
Published on: June 10, 2020
Expanding traumatic intracerebral contusion/hematoma
Yad R Yadav1, Abhijeet Basoor, Gaurav Jain
1Neurosurgery Unit, NSCB Medical College, Jabalpur, MP, India. yadavyr@yahoo.co.in
Neurology India
|November 23, 2006
Summary
Expanding traumatic brain hematomas are common, often occurring within 24 hours. Key risk factors include low Glasgow Coma Scale scores, coagulopathy, and midline shift, crucial for predicting hematoma expansion.
Area of Science:
- Neurotrauma
- Neurosurgery
- Radiology
Background:
- Delayed traumatic hematomas and expansion of existing ones are frequent clinical occurrences.
- Limited research exists on the specific risk factors contributing to hematoma expansion.
Purpose of the Study:
- To prospectively identify risk factors associated with the expansion of traumatic intracerebral hematomas.
- To improve the understanding of predictors for hematoma enlargement in head injury patients.
Main Methods:
- A prospective study involving 262 patients with intracerebral hematomas/contusions.
- Serial computed tomography (CT) scans were performed within 24 hours, 4 days, and 7 days post-injury.
- Clinical data including Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), coagulopathy status, and midline shift were recorded.
Main Results:
- Hematoma expansion occurred in 16.4% of cases, with 90.7% of expansions happening within 24 hours.
- Lower GCS scores (≤8), presence of associated hematomas, midline shift, and coagulopathy were associated with expansion.
- Logistic regression identified GCS, midline shift, and coagulopathy as significant predictors of hematoma expansion.
Conclusions:
- Intracerebral hematoma enlargement is common and typically occurs early post-injury.
- Poor GCS, associated hematomas, coagulopathy, and midline shift are key indicators for potential hematoma expansion.
Related Concept Videos
01:29Hemorrhagic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology
A hemorrhagic stroke develops when a cerebral blood vessel ruptures, allowing blood to escape into the surrounding brain tissue, as in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), or into the subarachnoid space, as in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Because the skull is a rigid compartment, the sudden presence of extravascular blood rapidly increases intracranial pressure and compresses adjacent neural structures, leading to immediate tissue injury and impaired cerebral perfusion.Mass Effect and Primary...
01:14Increased Intracranial Pressure l: Introduction
Intracranial hypertension is a sustained elevation of intracranial pressure (ICP) above 22 mm Hg. In supine adults, normal ICP is ~7–15 mm Hg.The rigid, nonexpandable cranium contains three components—brain tissue, blood, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)—that total ~1,700 mL in a typical adult: 1,400 mL brain (~80%), 150 mL blood (~10%), and 150 mL CSF (~10%). According to the Monro–Kellie doctrine, total intracranial volume is effectively fixed. When one component expands, CSF and venous blood...
01:29Increased Intracranial Pressure ll: Pathophysiology
Increased intracranial pressure (ICP) refers to a potentially life-threatening rise in pressure inside the skull. This usually happens when there is a major change in the volume of brain tissue, blood, or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) — the three components inside the skull. According to the Monro-Kellie doctrine, if the volume of one component increases, the volumes of the other components must decrease to maintain normal pressure. If this does not happen, ICP rises.The process often begins with...
01:28Traumatic Brain Injury l: Introduction
DefinitionTraumatic brain injury, or TBI, is a disturbance of normal brain function induced by an external mechanical force, such as a direct blow to the head or a penetrating injury. It can affect both brain structure and function, producing a wide range of clinical outcomes. TBI is a heterogeneous condition, meaning its effects may differ based on the type, location, and severity of the injury.Basis of ClassificationTBI is classified based on severity, injury mechanism, or pathophysiology. In...
01:22Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology
Vasogenic edema is a major form of cerebral edema characterized by abnormal accumulation of fluid in the brain’s extracellular space due to disruption of the blood–brain barrier (BBB). The BBB is a specialized structure composed of endothelial cells connected by tight junctions, supported by astrocytic endfeet and a basement membrane. Under normal conditions, it tightly regulates the movement of ions, proteins, and solutes between the bloodstream and brain parenchyma. When this barrier loses...
01:17Hemorrhagic Stroke l: Introduction
A hemorrhagic stroke is an acute neurological event that occurs when a weakened cerebral blood vessel ruptures, allowing blood to accumulate within or around the brain. The sudden release of blood forms a focal hematoma that increases intracranial pressure, displaces neural tissue, and can obstruct cerebrospinal fluid pathways. These effects may be compounded by intraventricular extension of the hemorrhage, cerebral edema, or compression of adjacent structures, all of which contribute to...