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Related Concept Videos

Self Within Cultural Contexts01:30

Self Within Cultural Contexts

Cultural frameworks for understanding the self are often categorized into two broad orientations: individualism and collectivism. These paradigms influence how people define themselves, relate to others, and interpret their social worlds. Each orientation offers distinct perspectives on autonomy, responsibility, and the role of the individual within a community.Individualistic CulturesIn individualistic cultures like North America and Western Europe, identity is understood as autonomous and...
The Sense of Self: Reflected Self-Appraisal and Social Comparison02:57

The Sense of Self: Reflected Self-Appraisal and Social Comparison

According to Charles Cooley, we base our image on what we think other people see (Cooley 1902). We imagine how we must appear to others, then react to this speculation. We don certain clothes, prepare our hair in a particular manner, wear makeup, use cologne, and the like—all with the notion that our presentation of ourselves is going to affect how others perceive us. We expect a certain reaction, and, if lucky, we get the one we desire and feel good about it. But more than that, Cooley...
Humanistic Psychology01:24

Humanistic Psychology

Humanistic psychology emerged in the mid-20th century as a response to the deterministic and pessimistic nature of behaviorism and psychoanalysis. While behaviorism focused on observable behaviors influenced by the environment and psychoanalysis delved into unconscious motivations, both theories suggested that human actions lacked free will. In contrast, humanistic psychology offers a perspective that emphasizes the innate potential for goodness and growth within every individual.
This approach...
Ryan and Deci's Self-Determination Theory01:17

Ryan and Deci's Self-Determination Theory

Self-Determination Theory (SDT), formulated by Richard Ryan and Edward Deci, explains that human motivation is driven by three fundamental psychological needs: autonomy, competence, and relatedness. When these needs are met, individuals experience personal growth, intrinsic motivation, and overall well-being.
Autonomy is the need to feel in control of one's actions and decisions. For example, a student who chooses their research topic is likely to be more engaged and motivated than one who is...
Carl Rogers' Humanistic Perspective on Personality01:23

Carl Rogers' Humanistic Perspective on Personality

Carl Rogers, a key figure in humanistic psychology, believed that individuals possess an innate potential for growth and fulfillment. According to his model of personality, three significant components define an individual: the organism, the self, and conditions of worth.
The organism refers to an individual's inherent blueprint, which Rogers saw as innately positive and directed toward helping others, unlike Freud's view of the id as driven by base impulses. The self is a person's...
Social Foundations of Self II: The Generalized Other01:20

Social Foundations of Self II: The Generalized Other

According to George Herbert Mead, as children progress beyond the game stage, they develop a more comprehensive understanding of societal rules and norms. This cognitive and social development enables them to internalize the expectations of the broader community, refining their ability to regulate behavior.Consistent participation in organized activities is crucial in helping children recognize that their actions are not isolated but contribute to a more significant, interconnected group effort.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 18, 2026

Characterization of the Sense of Agency over the Actions of Neural-machine Interface-operated Prostheses
05:21

Characterization of the Sense of Agency over the Actions of Neural-machine Interface-operated Prostheses

Published on: January 7, 2019

Autonomy as a universal expectation: a review and a research proposal.

Luis Justo1, Jorgelina Villarreal

  • 1Catedra de Bioetica, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad nacional del Comahue, Catamarca 140, (8324) Cipolletti, Rio Negro, Argentina. justo@maipue.com

Eubios Journal of Asian and International Bioethics : EJAIB
|November 23, 2006
PubMed
Summary

The World Health Organization

Keywords:
Bioethics and Professional EthicsEmpirical ApproachProfessional Patient Relationship

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 18, 2026

Characterization of the Sense of Agency over the Actions of Neural-machine Interface-operated Prostheses
05:21

Characterization of the Sense of Agency over the Actions of Neural-machine Interface-operated Prostheses

Published on: January 7, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Health Systems Research
  • Bioethics
  • Sociology of Health

Background:

  • The World Health Report 2000 by the World Health Organization (WHO) introduced ethical considerations for health system responsiveness.
  • The report's parameters, particularly autonomy as a "universal expectation," may lack sufficient empirical support.
  • Autonomy's universality is questioned, suggesting it is a culturally influenced concept.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To critically evaluate the empirical evidence supporting autonomy as a universal expectation in health systems.
  • To challenge the unsubstantiated claims regarding universal ethical parameters in health system responsiveness.
  • To advocate for culturally sensitive research approaches in global health ethics.

Main Methods:

  • A targeted literature review of international publications was conducted.
  • The review focused on a small, intentionally selected sample of literature.
  • Qualitative research methodologies were considered for future investigations.

Main Results:

  • The review found insufficient empirical evidence to support autonomy as a universally expected principle in healthcare.
  • Existing literature does not substantiate the claim that autonomy is a consistent, cross-cultural expectation.
  • The concept of autonomy in health systems appears to be context-dependent rather than universal.

Conclusions:

  • The postulation of autonomy as a universal expectation in health systems responsiveness is not empirically supported.
  • Further international collaborative research is needed to explore cultural variations in health system expectations.
  • Qualitative research is proposed to better understand the nuanced, culturally-bound nature of ethical issues in global health.