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Prokinetic agents are specialized medications that stimulate gastrointestinal (GI) motility, promoting food movement through the GI tract. Dopamine, an inhibitory neurotransmitter, plays a significant role in this process, reducing GI motility and indirectly controlling the speed of digestion. Dopamine receptor antagonists, such as metoclopramide and domperidone, offer a unique advantage as prokinetic agents. By blocking the dopamine receptors, these drugs increase GI motility, improving food...
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Dopamine receptor antagonists, also known as antipsychotic agents, are critical in managing chemotherapy-induced vomiting. These antiemetic agents block dopamine receptors in the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ), inhibiting signal transmission to the vomiting center. Antipsychotic agents encompass phenothiazines (PTZ), butyrophenones, benzamides, and thienobenzodiazepines (Zyprexa), which are utilized for their antiemetic and sedative properties.
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Direct-acting cholinergic agonists have many therapeutic uses in various medical fields. Choline esters, including acetylcholine, have limited clinical utility due to their non-selectivity and short duration of action. Still, acetylcholine and carbachol are applied topically during ophthalmologic surgery to induce miosis. Pilocarpine, a muscarinic and ganglionic stimulator, effectively treats open-angle glaucoma and alleviates xerostomia and dry mouth caused by radiotherapy or Sjögren syndrome.
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Updated: Jul 18, 2026

Handwriting Analysis Indicates Spontaneous Dyskinesias in Neuroleptic Naïve Adolescents at High Risk for Psychosis
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Acute chorea associated with metoclopramide use.

Jordan S Dubow1, Jerrold Leikin, Michael Rezak

  • 1Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.

American Journal of Therapeutics
|November 24, 2006
PubMed
Summary

Metoclopramide, a dopamine antagonist, can cause movement disorders. This case report details a patient who developed choreiform movements after metoclopramide administration, highlighting a rare side effect.

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Metoclopramide is a dopamine antagonist used for gastrointestinal and nausea symptoms.
  • It is known to cause extrapyramidal side effects, excluding chorea.

Observation:

  • A patient developed choreiform movements after intravenous metoclopramide.
  • Other causes for chorea were ruled out during the work-up.

Findings:

  • The patient's choreiform movements resolved with quetiapine and diazepam treatment.
  • This suggests metoclopramide may induce chorea, a previously undocumented side effect.

Implications:

  • This case expands the known side effect profile of metoclopramide.
  • Clinicians should consider chorea in patients presenting with movement disorders after metoclopramide use.