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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 18, 2026

Standardized Data Acquisition for Neuromelanin-Sensitive Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Substantia Nigra

Standardized Data Acquisition for Neuromelanin-Sensitive Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Substantia Nigra

Published on: September 8, 2021

Postnatal alterations in dopaminergic markers in the human prefrontal cortex.

C S Weickert¹, M J Webster, P Gondipalli

¹Clinical Brain Disorders Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Boulevard, Building 10, CRC6-5340, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.

|November 25, 2006

Summary

Dopamine system markers in the human prefrontal cortex change significantly after birth. Dopamine receptor 1 (DAR1) and dopamine receptor 2 (DAR2) levels peak in infancy or adolescence, respectively, and decline with age.

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Published on: September 21, 2017

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Developmental Biology
Neurochemistry

Background:

Dopamine in the prefrontal cortex is vital for cognition and implicated in neuropsychiatric disorders.
The postnatal development of the human prefrontal cortex dopaminergic system is not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the developmental trajectory of pre- and post-synaptic dopaminergic markers in the human prefrontal cortex throughout the lifespan.
To correlate developmental changes with potential implications for neuropsychiatric disorders.

Main Methods:

Analysis of postmortem prefrontal cortex tissue from 37 individuals (2 months to 86 years).
Quantification of tyrosine hydroxylase (dopamine biosynthesis enzyme) via Western immunoblotting.
Assessment of dopamine receptor 1 (DAR1), DAR2, and DAR4 gene expression using in situ hybridization.

Main Results:

Tyrosine hydroxylase and DAR2 mRNA levels were highest in neonates.
DAR1 mRNA expression peaked in adolescents and young adults.
DAR1 and DAR2 mRNA levels were reduced in aged individuals; DAR4 mRNA showed no significant age-related changes.

Conclusions:

The human prefrontal cortex dopaminergic system undergoes dynamic pre- and post-synaptic changes during postnatal development.
The adolescent peak in DAR1 mRNA may be relevant to the onset of disorders like schizophrenia.