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Chambers of the Heart

Chambers of the Heart

The human heart is a complex organ made up of four chambers: the right and left atria and the right and left ventricles. These internal chambers are separated by partitions known as the interatrial and interventricular septa. The exterior of the heart features a groove known as the coronary sulcus that demarcates the atria from the ventricles, while the anterior and posterior interventricular sulci distinguish between the two ventricles.
Deoxygenated blood from the body is received in the right...

Layers of the Heart Wall

Layers of the Heart Wall

The heart wall comprises three distinct layers: the epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium. The outermost layer, the epicardium, is the visceral layer of the serous pericardium, featuring a thin, transparent mesothelial surface and an inner layer of areolar connective tissue with fat deposits that increase with age.
The myocardium, the thickest layer, consists of cardiac muscle cells interconnected by intercalated discs and crisscrossing connective tissue fibers. These muscle fibers contract...

Anatomy of the Heart

Anatomy of the Heart

The human heart is made up of three layers of tissue that are surrounded by the pericardium, a membrane that protects and confines the heart. The outermost layer, closest to the pericardium, is the epicardium. The pericardial cavity separates the pericardium from the epicardium. Beneath the epicardium is the myocardium, the middle layer, and the endocardium, the innermost layer. There are four chambers of the heart: the right atrium, the right ventricle, the left atrium, and the left ventricle.

Anatomy of the Heart

Anatomy of the Heart

The heart is a hollow, muscular organ approximately the size of a fist, consisting of four chambers. It is enclosed in the pericardium, a fibrous sac with two layers: the visceral and parietal pericardium, separated by a fluid-filled space containing serous fluid to reduce friction.
The heart has three layers: the innermost endocardium, the muscular myocardium, and the outer epicardium, all working together for optimal cardiac function.
Chambers of the Heart
The heart is made up of four...

Heart Valves

Heart Valves

The human heart is a complex organ with an intricate system of valves that regulate blood flow. There are two main types of valves: atrioventricular (AV) valves and semilunar valves.
The AV valves prevent the backflow of blood from the ventricles to the atria during ventricular contraction. These valves function with the assistance of the chordae tendineae and papillary muscles. When the ventricles are relaxed, the chordae tendineae are slack, allowing blood to flow from the atria into the...

The Arch of Aorta

The Arch of Aorta

The coronary arteries, originating from the ascending aorta, bifurcate from two sinuses located within the ascending aorta. Positioned just above the aortic semilunar valve, these sinuses house essential aortic baroreceptors and chemoreceptors, crucial for maintaining cardiac function. The left coronary artery and the right coronary artery branch off from the left posterior and anterior aortic sinuses, respectively.
Encircling the heart, the coronary arteries form a ring-like structure before...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 18, 2026

Implantation of the Syncardia Total Artificial Heart

Implantation of the Syncardia Total Artificial Heart

Published on: July 18, 2014

Bridging the cleft over the throbbing heart.

John Mathai¹, Vijit Koshy Cherian, Jacob Chacko

¹Department of Pediatric Surgery, Christian Medical College & Hospital, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India. paedsur@cmcvellore.ac.in

The Annals of Thoracic Surgery

|November 28, 2006

Summary

Primary repair of sternal cleft deformities is most successful in newborns. A novel technique involving clavicle fracturing can address challenging cases where sternal approximation is difficult.

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Last Updated: Jul 18, 2026

Implantation of the Syncardia Total Artificial Heart

Implantation of the Syncardia Total Artificial Heart

Published on: July 18, 2014

Rodent Working Heart Model for the Study of Myocardial Performance and Oxygen Consumption

Rodent Working Heart Model for the Study of Myocardial Performance and Oxygen Consumption

Published on: August 16, 2016

Use of Two Intracorporeal Ventricular Assist Devices As a Total Artificial Heart

Use of Two Intracorporeal Ventricular Assist Devices As a Total Artificial Heart

Published on: May 11, 2018

Area of Science:

Pediatric Surgery
Congenital Abnormalities
Thoracic Reconstruction

Background:

Sternal cleft deformities require timely surgical intervention, ideally in the neonatal period.
Achieving sternal approximation is crucial for functional and aesthetic outcomes.

Observation:

Most sternal clefts can be repaired by converting partial defects to complete ones and mobilizing the sternal bar.
Some cases present significant challenges to sternal approximation.

Findings:

A new technique involving fracturing the clavicles was successfully employed in a 6-week-old infant with an unyielding sternal cleft.
This method facilitated sternal approximation in a complex pediatric case.

Implications:

Fracturing the clavicles offers a viable solution for previously unyielding sternal cleft deformities.
This technique expands the surgical options for treating complex congenital sternal defects in infants.