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Phytochemical analysis of the essential oil of Achillea millefolium L. from various European Countries.

Anne Orav1, Elmar Arak, Ain Raal

  • 1Institute of Chemistry, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia.

Natural Product Research
|November 28, 2006
PubMed
Summary

Essential oil analysis of Achillea millefolium L. (yarrow) revealed significant compositional variations across Europe. Estonian yarrow meets European Pharmacopoeia standards for essential oil content.

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Area of Science:

  • Phytochemistry
  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Pharmacognosy

Background:

  • Achillea millefolium L. (yarrow) is a widely distributed medicinal plant.
  • Its essential oil composition can vary based on geographical origin.
  • Understanding these variations is crucial for quality control and therapeutic applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine and compare the essential oil composition of yarrow from Estonia and other European countries.
  • To identify key chemical constituents and their variations.
  • To assess if Estonian yarrow meets European Pharmacopoeia (EP) standards.

Main Methods:

  • Essential oils were extracted from Achillea millefolium L. samples.
  • Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was likely employed for component identification and quantification.

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  • Yields of essential oil were measured (0.9-9.5 mL kg-1).

    • Main Results:

    • A total of 102 components were identified in the essential oils.
    • Key components included sabinene, 1,8-cineole, thujones, camphor, and chamazulene.
    • Estonian samples were rich in monoterpenes and chamazulene, similar to samples from Hungary, Greece, Moldavia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Germany.
    • Oils from France, Belgium, Russia, Armenia, Spain, and Italy were rich in oxygenated monoterpenes with less chamazulene.
    • Samples from Greece, Estonia, Moldavia, and Scotland showed high sesquiterpene content.

    Conclusions:

    • Significant geographical variations exist in the essential oil composition of Achillea millefolium L. across Europe.
    • Estonian-grown yarrow essential oil conforms to the European Pharmacopoeia standards.
    • The study highlights the importance of geographical origin in determining yarrow's chemical profile.