Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jul 18, 2026

Assessing Forelimb Function after Unilateral Cervical SCI using Novel Tasks: Limb Step-alternation, Postural Instability and Pasta Handling
Published on: September 16, 2013
Lateral flexion in Parkinson's disease and Pisa syndrome
1Department of Neurology, Tokyo Metropolitan Neurological Hospital, 2-1-16 Musashidai, Fuchu, Tokyo, 184-0032, Japan. fyokochi-tmnh@umin.ac.jp
Abstract:
Various types of abnormal posture are observed in Parkinson's disease (PD). Lateral flexion is very common and frequent among them. The clinical characteristics of lateral flexion in PD vary and are classified into two types, the chronic and subchronic types. The chronic type of lateral flexion in PD appears subclinically and worsens, which is related to the laterality of parkinsonian symptoms and the progression of the disease. The subchronic type of lateral flexion in PD develops subacutely and worsens rapidly in several months. An atypical and rare type of tonic truncal dystonia, Pisa syndrome, may be induced following the intake of neuroleptics. The clinical features of the subchronic type of lateral flexion in PD are similar to those of Pisa syndrome. Differences between lateral flexion in PD and Pisa syndrome are described.
More Related Videos
05:38Behavioral Assessments of Spontaneous Locomotion in a Murine MPTP-induced Parkinson's Disease Model
Published on: January 7, 2019
07:26Characterizing the Relationship Between Eye Movement Parameters and Cognitive Functions in Non-demented Parkinson's Disease Patients with Eye Tracking
Published on: September 26, 2019
Related Concept Videos
Parkinson Disease ll: Pathophysiology
Parkinson Disease l: Introduction
Parkinson's Disease: Overview
Alterations in Muscle Tone lll
Parkinson's Disease: Treatment
Parkinson's Disease is primarily a result of the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. The cornerstone of its...
Alterations in Muscle Tone ll