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Related Concept Videos

Proteoglycans01:05

Proteoglycans

Glycans, a class of complex heterogeneous molecules, can be covalently attached to proteins to form glycosylated proteins that regulate various physiological and pathological processes. Glycosylated proteins or glycoproteins comprise N-linked and O-linked oligosaccharides. O-glycosylation is the most common type of protein glycosylation. Here, glycans attach to the oxygen atom of the hydroxyl groups of Serine or Threonine residues. O-linked glycosylation occurs later in protein processing,...
Protein Glycosylation01:25

Protein Glycosylation

Glycosylation, the most common post-translational modification for proteins, serves diverse functions. Adding sugars to proteins makes the proteins more resistant to proteolytic digestion. Glycosylated proteins can act as markers and receptors to promote cell-cell adhesion. Additionally, they have many essential quality control functions in the cell, such as correct protein folding and facilitating transport of misfolded proteins to the cytosol, which can be degraded.
Glycosylation occurs in...
Oligosaccharide Assembly01:24

Oligosaccharide Assembly

Protein glycosylation starts in the ER lumen and continues in the Golgi apparatus. Glycosyltransferases catalyze the addition of sugar molecules or glycosylation of proteins. Usually, these enzymes add sugars to the hydroxyl groups of selected serine or threonine residues to form O-linked glycans or the amino groups of asparagine residues to form N-linked glycans. Different positions on the same polypeptide chain can contain differently linked glycans.
Multiple sugar molecules that may or may...
Pharmacogenetic Phenotypes: Alterations in Pharmacokinetics, Drug Targets and Biologic Milieu01:29

Pharmacogenetic Phenotypes: Alterations in Pharmacokinetics, Drug Targets and Biologic Milieu

Genetic variations significantly influence drug response through pharmacokinetics, receptor interactions, and biologic milieu modifications. Pharmacokinetic alterations impact drug metabolism and clearance, affecting efficacy and toxicity. Variants in drug-metabolizing enzymes, such as CYP2C9 and CYP2C19, alter drug activation and elimination. For example, CYP2C9 loss-of-function variants require lower warfarin doses to prevent excessive bleeding, while CYP2C19 variants reduce clopidogrel...
Mutations01:39

Mutations

Overview
Pharmacogenetics of Drug Targets: β₂-Adrenergic Receptors, Apo E, Thymidylate Synthase01:11

Pharmacogenetics of Drug Targets: β₂-Adrenergic Receptors, Apo E, Thymidylate Synthase

Genetic polymorphisms in drug targets have emerged as critical determinants of interindividual variability in drug response and toxicity. Pharmacogenomic investigations increasingly focus on identifying these variations to personalize and optimize therapeutic interventions. A drug target may be a receptor, enzyme, or signaling protein involved in pharmacologic responses or disease-related pathways. While early pharmacogenetic studies focused primarily on drug metabolism, current research...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 18, 2026

Generation of Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells with Differing Sialylated Phenotypes
13:36

Generation of Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells with Differing Sialylated Phenotypes

Published on: October 20, 2023

Cytokine sensitivity and N-glycan processing mutations.

Emily A Partridge1, Pam Cheung, James W Dennis

  • 1Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Methods in Enzymology
|November 30, 2006
PubMed
Summary

We developed a new method to measure signaling from Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) and Transforming Growth Factor-beta (TGF-beta) in cells. This technique helps understand how these signals impact cancer growth and repair.

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Bioinformatics Resources for the Study of Glycan-Mediated Protein Interactions
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Bioinformatics Resources for the Study of Glycan-Mediated Protein Interactions

Published on: January 20, 2022

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Generation of Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells with Differing Sialylated Phenotypes
13:36

Generation of Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells with Differing Sialylated Phenotypes

Published on: October 20, 2023

Bioinformatics Resources for the Study of Glycan-Mediated Protein Interactions
11:21

Bioinformatics Resources for the Study of Glycan-Mediated Protein Interactions

Published on: January 20, 2022

Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Cancer Research

Background:

  • Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) and Transforming Growth Factor-beta (TGF-beta) are key cytokines regulating cell functions.
  • Their signaling pathways are implicated in cancer progression and metastasis.
  • N-glycan branching on cytokine receptors affects cell surface stability and cancer cell growth.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a sensitive and robust method for quantifying TGF-beta and EGF signaling.
  • To analyze these signaling pathways in cancer cells and primary mouse cells.

Main Methods:

  • Quantitative fluorescence imaging was employed.
  • The method quantifies downstream signaling events, including Erk1/2 and Smad2/3 phosphorylation.

Main Results:

  • The study presents a novel, sensitive, and robust method for measuring EGF and TGF-beta signaling.
  • This technique allows for the analysis of these critical pathways in various cell types.

Conclusions:

  • The developed method provides a valuable tool for studying EGF and TGF-beta signaling in cancer and normal cells.
  • Understanding these pathways is crucial for developing new cancer therapies and regenerative medicine approaches.