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Bone Structure

Bone Structure

Within the skeletal system, the structure of a bone, or osseous tissue, can be exemplified in a long bone, like the femur, where there are two types of osseous tissue: cortical and cancellous.

Bone Remodeling

Bone Remodeling

Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.

Bone as Supporting Connective Tissue

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Bone tissue forms the internal skeleton of vertebrate animals, providing structure to the body.
Bone Matrix
Bone, or osseous tissue, is a connective tissue that has a large amount of two different types of matrix material. The organic matrix is similar to the matrix material found in other connective tissues, including some amount of collagen and elastic fibers. This gives strength and flexibility to the tissue. The inorganic matrix consists of mineral salts— mostly calcium salts— that give the...

The Bone Matrix

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Bone contains a relatively small number of cells entrenched in a matrix of collagen fibers that provide an adherent surface for inorganic salt crystals. Both components of the matrix, organic and inorganic, contribute to the unusual properties of bone. Without collagen, bones would be brittle and shatter easily. Without mineral crystals, bones would flex and provide little support. This can be observed by an experiment: when the minerals of a bone are dissolved by soaking the bone in acid or...

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Compact Bone

Most bones contain compact and spongy osseous tissue, but their distribution and concentration vary based on the bone's overall function.
Compact bone, also called cortical bone, is the denser, stronger of the two types of bone tissue. It is found under the periosteum and in the diaphyses of long bones, where it provides support and protection. The microscopic structural unit of compact bone is called an osteon, or haversian system. Each osteon is composed of concentric rings of calcified...

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All bones comprise an outer layer of compact bone, and an interior made up of spongy bone tissue, also called cancellous or trabecular bone. In long bones, spongy bone tissue is mainly found in the interior of the epiphyses (broad ends of the bone).
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 7, 2026

An Improved Mechanical Testing Method to Assess Bone-implant Anchorage

An Improved Mechanical Testing Method to Assess Bone-implant Anchorage

Published on: February 10, 2014

A generic 3-dimensional system to mimic trabecular bone surface adaptation.

Michał Nowak¹

¹Poznan University of Technology, ul. Piotrowo 3, 60-965, Poznan, Poland. michal.nowak@put.poznan.pl

Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering

|November 30, 2006

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a structure optimization system that mimics bone remodeling to enhance trabecular network design. The system integrates mesh generation, adaptation criteria, and analysis for realistic bone evolution simulation.

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Area of Science:

Biomedical Engineering
Computational Mechanics
Materials Science

Background:

Bone remodeling is a natural process optimizing the internal structure of bone.
Existing computational methods often lack the ability to simulate the dynamic aspects of bone evolution.

Purpose of the Study:

To present a novel structure optimizing system based on surface remodeling principles.
To develop a computational tool that mimics real bone evolution, including tissue consolidation and separation.

Main Methods:

Formulation of algorithms based on the bone remodeling phenomenon.
Description of the Cosmoprojector mesh generator, including its assumptions, algorithms, and limitations.
Development of a closed system integrating finite element mesh generation, decision criteria for structure adaptation, and parallel finite element analysis.

Main Results:

The developed system can realistically mimic bone evolution, including tissue consolidation and separation.
Computation results obtained using specially designed software demonstrate the system's capabilities.

Conclusions:

The presented structure optimizing system offers a novel approach to simulating and understanding bone remodeling.
The integrated system provides a powerful tool for research in biomechanics and biomaterials.