[From energetics to neurotransmission: adenosine triphosphate and its receptors]

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a substance that has stood out for being an energy donor, but today we know that it also has other functions. By activating a large variety of receptors that are widely distributed throughout the nervous system, ATP plays a role in neurotransmission, neuromodulation, apoptosis, cell proliferation and differentiation, pain, and so forth.

The aim of this study is to carry out a review of ATP receptors, their contribution to the correct functioning of neuronal circuits, and their involvement in the development of certain diseases.

The issue is approached from different perspectives, such as the structure of ATP, its metabolism through ecto-ATPases and their main metabolite, adenosine, in addition to a detailed description of each of the purinergic receptors whose existence has been internationally accepted. We also examine how ATP and its receptors are involved in the structures of the nervous system, and more especially those that correspond to the sensory systems.

The fact that purinoceptors are so widely distributed makes them worthy of a detailed examination. This new family of receptors promises to be a new diagnostic and therapeutic tool that enables us to approach certain aspects of the neurosciences from a new angle, by taking into account a new protagonist, ATP, in the generation of events that upset health.