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Trihybrid Crosses
Some of Mendel’s crosses examined three pairs of contrasting characteristics. Such a cross is called a trihybrid cross. A trihybrid cross is a combination of three individual monohybrid crosses. For example, plant height (tall vs. short), seed shape (round vs. wrinkled), and seed color (yellow vs. green).
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Gregor Mendel's work (1822 - 1884) was primarily focused on pea plants. Through his initial experiments, he determined that every gene in a diploid cell has two variants called alleles inherited from each parent. He suggested that amongst these two alleles, one allele is dominant in character and the other recessive. The combination of alleles determines the phenotype of a gene in an organism.

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Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Methods for Performing Crosses in Setaria viridis, a New Model System for the Grasses
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Ovule discounting in an outcrossing, cryptically dioecious tree.

Miguel Verdú1, Santiago C González-Martínez, Ana I Montilla

  • 1Centro de Investigaciones sobre Desertificación (CSIC-UV-GV), Apartado Oficial, 46470 Albal, Valencia, Spain. miguel.verdu@uv.es

Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution
|December 1, 2006
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Ovule discounting, the loss of ovules due to inferior pollen, is a significant mating cost in Fraxinus ornus. Even with outcrossing, using pollen from less viable males reduces reproductive success.

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Area of Science:

  • Plant reproductive biology
  • Evolutionary ecology
  • Population genetics

Background:

  • Ovule discounting traditionally focuses on selfing, but applies more broadly to mating costs.
  • Fraxinus ornus exhibits cryptic dioecy, with hermaphrodites producing less viable pollen.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate ovule discounting as a mating cost in Fraxinus ornus.
  • To analyze the mating system and paternity in a wild population using microsatellite markers.

Main Methods:

  • Microsatellite marker analysis to determine mating system and paternity.
  • Population genetic structure analysis.

Main Results:

  • Low effective number of sires (N(ep) = 2.93–4.95) per mother.
  • Paternity correlation among progeny from the same mother, but not neighboring mothers.
  • Hermaphrodites sired ~25% of seeds from other hermaphrodites, with low inferred offspring viability.

Conclusions:

  • Ovule discounting via outcrossing with inferior pollen is a substantial mating cost in F. ornus.
  • Hermaphrodites contribute significantly to ovule discounting through inferior pollen.
  • Further research is needed on resource allocation to inferior pollen production.