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Related Concept Videos

Sampling Plans01:23

Sampling Plans

Sampling is a crucial step in analytical chemistry, allowing researchers to collect representative data from a large population. Common sampling methods include random, judgmental, systematic, stratified, and cluster sampling.
Random sampling is a method where each member of the population has an equal chance of being selected for the sample. It involves selecting individuals randomly, often using random number generators or lottery-type methods. For example, when analyzing the properties of a...
Voltammetry: Stripping Methods01:13

Voltammetry: Stripping Methods

Anodic Stripping Voltammetry (ASV), Cathodic Stripping Voltammetry (CSV), and Adsorptive Stripping Voltammetry (AdSV) are electrochemical techniques used to determine trace amounts of analytes in solution. These methods involve applying a potential to an electrode and measuring the resulting current.
Anodic Stripping Voltammetry (ASV)
ASV is used to determine metals and metalloids at trace levels. It involves two steps: deposition and stripping. First, a negative potential is applied to the...

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Comprehensive study of lead pollution in Shanghai by multiple techniques.

M G Tan1, G L Zhang, X L Li

  • 1Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China.

Analytical Chemistry
|December 1, 2006
PubMed
Summary

Atmospheric lead (Pb) pollution in Shanghai

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Atmospheric Chemistry
  • Analytical Chemistry

Background:

  • Particulate Matter (PM10) is a significant air pollutant.
  • Lead (Pb) in PM10 poses environmental and health risks.
  • Understanding lead sources is crucial for effective pollution control.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine atmospheric lead concentrations in Shanghai's PM10.
  • To identify the chemical species of lead particulates.
  • To pinpoint the primary sources of lead pollution.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of PM10 aerosol samples using Particle-Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE).
  • Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) for elemental analysis.
  • X-ray Absorption Fine Structures (XAFS) to determine lead chemical forms.
  • Isotope ratio and chemical mass balance calculations for source apportionment.

Main Results:

  • Average lead concentrations in PM10 were 369 ng.m-3 (2002) and 237 ng.m-3 (2003).
  • Major lead chemical species identified were lead chloride (PbCl2), lead sulfate (PbSO4), and lead oxide (PbO).
  • Key sources identified: coal combustors, iron/steel plants, and vehicle exhausts.

Conclusions:

  • Coal combustion was the dominant source of atmospheric lead pollution in Shanghai.
  • This dominance persisted even after the phase-out of leaded gasoline in 1997.
  • The findings highlight the need for targeted emission controls on industrial sources.