Heat shock factor 1 is required for constitutive Hsp70 expression and normal lens development in embryonic zebrafish

Heat shock factors (HSFs) are the major transcription factors responsible for heat-induced upregulation of heat shock protein (Hsp) genes. All three mammalian HSFs (HSF1, HSF2, HSF4) have also been shown to be required for normal mammalian development. It is currently unknown if HSFs play similarly important roles during normal development of non-mammalian vertebrates. In the present study, a morpholino modified antisense oligonucleotide (MO) approach targeted against hsf1 mRNA (hsf1-MO) was used to examine the requirement of HSF1 in zebrafish development. Embryos depleted of HSF1 displayed a reproducible small eye phenotype characterized by an immature lens and a disorganized retinal structure. These defects were strikingly similar to those observed when constitutive, lens specific Hsp70 expression was reduced through the microinjection of MO targeting hsp70. The data suggest that HSF1 is involved in regulating constitutive lens specific expression of hsp70 in the embryonic zebrafish. This conclusion is supported by a marked reduction in Hsp70 protein in hsf1-MO injected embryos. Microinjection of MO targeted to hsf2 mRNA (hsf2-MO) did not result in a small eye phenotype in a significant number of embryos. These data also suggest that HSF1 and HSF2 play distinct roles in non-mammalian vertebrates, similarly to what has been demonstrated previously in mouse.