Updated: Jul 18, 2026

A Standardized Protocol for Functional Motor Mapping Using Navigated Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
Published on: February 27, 2026
Takenori Akiyama1, Takayuki Ohira, Takeshi Kawase
1Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan. takiyama-jscn@umin.ac.jp
Functional near-infrared spectroscopic imaging (NIRS imaging) combined with transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) motor mapping improves spatial specificity to the functional cortex. This integration precisely identifies brain regions with the strongest functional activity during motor tasks.
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