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A Standardized Protocol for Functional Motor Mapping Using Navigated Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
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TMS orientation for NIRS-functional motor mapping.

Takenori Akiyama1, Takayuki Ohira, Takeshi Kawase

  • 1Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan. takiyama-jscn@umin.ac.jp

Brain Topography
|December 1, 2006
PubMed
Summary

Functional near-infrared spectroscopic imaging (NIRS imaging) combined with transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) motor mapping improves spatial specificity to the functional cortex. This integration precisely identifies brain regions with the strongest functional activity during motor tasks.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Medical Imaging

Background:

  • Functional near-infrared spectroscopic imaging (NIRS imaging) offers insights into neuronal activity and oxygenation responses.
  • NIRS imaging's spatial resolution limitations can compromise signal specificity to the functional cortex.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To enhance the spatial specificity of NIRS imaging to the functional cortex.
  • To investigate cortical oxygenation responses during motor tasks using integrated NIRS and TMS.

Main Methods:

  • Incorporation of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) motor mapping into a NIRS imaging study.
  • Analysis of distinctive biphasic and monophasic cortical oxygenation responses.

Main Results:

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Non-Invasive Modulation and Robotic Mapping of Motor Cortex in the Developing Brain
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Last Updated: Jul 18, 2026

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10:27

A Standardized Protocol for Functional Motor Mapping Using Navigated Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

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Measuring and Manipulating Functionally Specific Neural Pathways in the Human Motor System with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
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  • A distinctive biphasic response (early deoxygenation, delayed excess blood flow) was observed in the primary motor cortex center.
  • Surrounding areas exhibited a monophasic response (increased oxygenated hemoglobin, decreased deoxygenated hemoglobin).
  • Combined TMS and NIRS imaging successfully specified the cortex with the strongest functional activity.

Conclusions:

  • Integrating TMS motor mapping with NIRS imaging significantly enhances spatial specificity.
  • This combined approach precisely identifies functional cortical areas, overcoming NIRS limitations.
  • The study demonstrates a method for accurate localization of functional brain activity.