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Updated: Jul 18, 2026

Anchorage of Twisted Testis: A Rat Model of Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury of the Testis

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Testicular torsion.

Erika Ringdahl¹, Lynn Teague

¹Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Missouri-Columbia School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri 65212, USA. ringdahle@health.missouri.edu

American Family Physician

|December 2, 2006

Summary

Testicular torsion, a condition affecting young males, requires prompt diagnosis and treatment to save the testicle. The absent cremasteric reflex is a key indicator, with surgery often necessary for definitive management.

Area of Science:

Urology
Pediatric Surgery
Emergency Medicine

Background:

Testicular torsion affects 1 in 4,000 males under 25 annually.
Acute scrotal pain in young males necessitates considering testicular torsion until ruled out.
Early intervention is critical to prevent testicular loss.

Purpose of the Study:

To outline diagnostic criteria for testicular torsion and related conditions.
To emphasize the importance of timely management.
To detail treatment options for testicular torsion and torsion of the appendix testis.

Main Methods:

Clinical assessment, focusing on the cremasteric reflex.
Diagnostic imaging including Doppler ultrasonography and radionuclide scintigraphy.
Evaluation of blood flow to the testis.

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Main Results:

Absent ipsilateral cremasteric reflex is the most accurate sign of testicular torsion.
Torsion of the appendix testis may present with a "blue dot sign" and is more common in children.
Doppler ultrasonography is crucial for diagnosing decreased or absent testicular blood flow.

Conclusions:

Rapid restoration of blood flow, ideally within six hours, is essential for testicular salvage.
Manual detorsion can be a temporizing measure, but surgical exploration (orchiopexy) offers definitive treatment.
While surgical treatment for appendix testis torsion isn't mandatory, it can expedite recovery.