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Urinary Tract Calculi III: Medical Management

Urinary Tract Calculi III: Medical Management

The diagnosis of renal calculi involves several imaging techniques, including non-contrast CT scans and ultrasound. These methods help visualize kidney stones, assess their size and location, and detect possible obstructions. Additionally, Measuring urine pH is useful for diagnosing specific stone types, such as struvite (alkaline pH) and uric acid stones (acidic pH). Cystine stones are primarily linked to cystinuria, a genetic condition. A urinalysis helps detect blood in the urine (hematuria)...

Urinary Bladder

Urinary Bladder

The urinary bladder is a hollow, muscular sac that temporarily stores urine before it is expelled from the body. It can hold approximately 600 mL of urine prior to micturition. The bladder is retroperitoneal and located behind the pubic symphysis in the pelvic floor.
In males, the bladder is situated in front of the rectum, while in females, it is positioned anterior to the vagina and uterus. The bladder floor contains an inverted triangular area called the trigone, defined by the two ureteric...

Urinary Tract Infection III: Diagnostic Studies and Interprofessional Care

Urinary Tract Infection III: Diagnostic Studies and Interprofessional Care

A healthcare provider can diagnose a urinary tract infection (UTI) through several methods:Medical History and Symptoms: The provider will take a detailed medical history and ask about symptoms such as frequent urination, burning sensation during urination, and lower abdominal pain.Urinalysis: A clean-catch urine sample is collected in a sterile container and tested for the presence of bacteria, white blood cells (leukocytes), nitrites, blood, and protein. The presence of leukocytes and...

Urinary Tract Calculi II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations

Urinary Tract Calculi II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations

Renal calculi, commonly termed kidney stones, are crystalline solid masses that form in the kidneys but can occur at any point within the urinary system, encompassing the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.The pathophysiology of renal stones involves several key factors: supersaturation of the urine with stone-forming constituents, changes in urine pH, a decrease in urine volume, and the presence of substances that promote or inhibit stone formation.Supersaturation of Urine: This is the...

Imaging Studies III: Computed Tomography

Imaging Studies III: Computed Tomography

DefinitionComputed Tomography (CT) of the genitourinary (GU) tract is a non-invasive imaging modality that utilizes X-rays and computer processing to generate detailed cross-sectional images of the urinary system, encompassing the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and adjacent structures such as the adrenal glands.PurposeCT scans of the GU tract serve several diagnostic and therapeutic purposes, including:Diagnosis of Urinary Tract Diseases: Detects kidney stones, tumors, cysts, and congenital...

Imaging Studies IV: Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Imaging Studies IV: Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Introduction:Magnetic Resonance Imaging, or MRI, can include a specialized imaging technique of the urinary system known as Magnetic Resonance Urography (MRU). This radiation-free technique uses strong magnetic fields and radio waves to produce detailed images with the help of a computer. MRU is particularly effective for visualizing fluid-filled structures like the kidneys, ureters, and bladder.Applications of MRI in the Genitourinary SystemKidneys and Ureters: MRI detects tumors, cysts,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 18, 2026

A Murine Orthotopic Bladder Tumor Model and Tumor Detection System

A Murine Orthotopic Bladder Tumor Model and Tumor Detection System

Published on: January 12, 2017

Urinary bladder tumor markers.

Vinata B Lokeshwar¹, Marie G Selzer

¹Department of Urology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33101, USA. vlokeshw@med.miami.edu

Urologic Oncology

|December 2, 2006

Summary

Developing new bladder cancer biomarkers is crucial for accurate diagnosis and recurrence monitoring. Urine-based tests, including novel proteomic and gene profiling methods, offer promising advancements over traditional cytology.

Area of Science:

Urology
Oncology
Biochemistry

Background:

Bladder cancer biomarker development is feasible due to urinary secretion of tumor-associated molecules.
Tumor cells shed into urine facilitate diagnostic tests for bladder cancer detection and recurrence monitoring.

Purpose of the Study:

To review existing and novel bladder tumor markers.
To highlight advancements in molecular profiling for bladder cancer.

Main Methods:

Analysis of conventional diagnostic technologies (ELISA, PCR, FISH, ICC).
Exploration of proteomic and gene profiling approaches for novel biomarker discovery.
Review of urine-based tests for bladder cancer detection.

Main Results:

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Magnetic Resonance Imaging Assessment of Carcinogen-induced Murine Bladder Tumors

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Last Updated: Jul 18, 2026

A Murine Orthotopic Bladder Tumor Model and Tumor Detection System

A Murine Orthotopic Bladder Tumor Model and Tumor Detection System

Published on: January 12, 2017

An Orthotopic Bladder Tumor Model and the Evaluation of Intravesical saRNA Treatment

An Orthotopic Bladder Tumor Model and the Evaluation of Intravesical saRNA Treatment

Published on: July 28, 2012

Magnetic Resonance Imaging Assessment of Carcinogen-induced Murine Bladder Tumors

Magnetic Resonance Imaging Assessment of Carcinogen-induced Murine Bladder Tumors

Published on: March 29, 2019

Several bladder tumor markers demonstrate higher sensitivity than cytology.
Many established markers exhibit lower specificity compared to diagnostic needs.
Emerging proteomic and gene profiling methods are identifying new bladder cancer biomarkers.

Conclusions:

Urine-based biomarkers hold significant potential for bladder cancer diagnosis and management.
Continued research into novel markers and profiling techniques is essential for improving bladder cancer care.
A combination of markers may be necessary to achieve optimal diagnostic accuracy.