Allosteric monofunctional aspartate kinases from Arabidopsis

Plant monofunctional aspartate kinase is unique among all aspartate kinases, showing synergistic inhibition by lysine and S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM). The Arabidopsis genome contains three genes for monofunctional aspartate kinases. We show that aspartate kinase 2 and aspartate kinase 3 are inhibited only by lysine, and that aspartate kinase 1 is inhibited in a synergistic manner by lysine and SAM. In the absence of SAM, aspartate kinase 1 displayed low apparent affinity for lysine compared to aspartate kinase 2 and aspartate kinase 3. In the presence of SAM, the apparent affinity of aspartate kinase 1 for lysine increased considerably, with K(0.5) values for lysine inhibition similar to those of aspartate kinase 2 and aspartate kinase 3. For all three enzymes, the inhibition resulted from an increase in the apparent K(m) values for the substrates ATP and aspartate. The mechanism of aspartate kinase 1 synergistic inhibition was characterized. Inhibition by lysine alone was fast, whereas synergistic inhibition by lysine plus SAM was very slow. SAM by itself had no effect on the enzyme activity, in accordance with equilibrium binding analyses indicating that SAM binding to aspartate kinase 1 requires prior binding of lysine. The three-dimensional structure of the aspartate kinase 1-Lys-SAM complex has been solved [Mas-Droux C, Curien G, Robert-Genthon M, Laurencin M, Ferrer JL & Dumas R (2006) Plant Cell18, 1681-1692]. Taken together, the data suggest that, upon binding to the inactive aspartate kinase 1-Lys complex, SAM promotes a slow conformational transition leading to formation of a stable aspartate kinase 1-Lys-SAM complex. The increase in aspartate kinase 1 apparent affinity for lysine in the presence of SAM thus results from the displacement of the unfavorable equilibrium between aspartate kinase 1 and aspartate kinase 1-Lys towards the inactive form.