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Related Concept Videos

Nervous Tissue: Glial Cells01:31

Nervous Tissue: Glial Cells

Glia, or neuroglia, are vital support cells that assist neurons in their functions. The term "glia" originates from the Greek word for "glue," reflecting their role in holding the nervous system together. These cells can be categorized into six types: four in the central nervous system (CNS) and two in the peripheral nervous system (PNS).
The CNS glial cell includes the astrocytes, the oligodendrocytes, the microglia, and the ependymal cells.
Astrocytes are star-shaped glial cells that interact...
Glial Cells01:04

Glial Cells

Overview
Neurogenesis and Regeneration of Nervous Tissue01:15

Neurogenesis and Regeneration of Nervous Tissue

In the CNS, neurogenesis, the birth of new neurons from stem cells, is limited to the hippocampus in adults. In other regions of the brain and spinal cord, neurogenesis is almost non-existent due to inhibitory influences from neuroglia, especially oligodendrocytes, and the absence of growth-stimulating cues. The myelin produced by oligodendrocytes in the CNS inhibits neuronal regeneration. Furthermore, astrocytes proliferate rapidly after neuronal damage, forming scar tissue that physically...
Source And Potency Of Stem Cells01:27

Source And Potency Of Stem Cells

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells with extensive self-renewal properties that help them maintain their population during the fetal and adult stages of life. They can specialize in all cell types of the human body. However, their differential potential may vary and can be classified into five types. Stem cells can be (1) Totipotent, (2) Pluripotent, (3) Multipotent, (4) Oligopotent, and (5) Unipotent. Each stem cell has a specific origin; the fertilized egg or zygote is a totipotent cell and...
Stem Cell Niche01:26

Stem Cell Niche

The stem cell niche is the dynamic microenvironment where stem cells reside. Inside these niches, the cells may remain undifferentiated, undergo high self-renewal, or become lineage-specific progenitors. Stem cells coexist with other niche cells, such as stromal cells. They also interact closely with the ECM. Cell-cell and cell-matrix communication occur via adhesion molecules or soluble factors that signal the stem cells and determine their fate. Stromal cells also provide survival signals to...
Stem Cell Culture01:17

Stem Cell Culture

Stem cell research aims to find ways to use stem cells to regenerate and repair cellular damage. Over time, most adult cells undergo the wear and tear of aging and lose their ability to divide and repair themselves. Stem cells do not display a particular morphology or function. Adult stem cells, which exist as a small subset of cells in most tissues, keep dividing and can differentiate into a number of specialized cells generally formed by that tissue. These cells enable the body to renew and...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 18, 2026

Growing Neural Stem Cells from Conventional and Nonconventional Regions of the Adult Rodent Brain
11:27

Growing Neural Stem Cells from Conventional and Nonconventional Regions of the Adult Rodent Brain

Published on: November 18, 2013

Neural stem cells, neurons, and glia.

Steven M Pollard1, Alex Benchoua, Sally Lowell

  • 1Institute for Stem Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.

Methods in Enzymology
|December 5, 2006
PubMed
Summary

Embryonic stem cells can be directed to become neurons and glia, or neural stem cells. Protocols for mouse cells are being adapted for human embryonic stem cells.

Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Stem Cell Biology
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Embryonic stem (ES) cells offer a renewable source for generating diverse cell types in vitro.
  • ES cells are valuable for studying developmental processes like cell fate determination and differentiation.
  • Their pluripotency presents opportunities for pharmaceutical screening and regenerative medicine.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe protocols for directing mouse ES cell differentiation into neurons, glia, and neural stem cells.
  • To assess the applicability of these protocols to human ES cells.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing simple adherent culture conditions for mouse ES cells.
  • Implementing specific protocols to guide self-renewal and differentiation pathways.

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The "Brain Milking" Method for the Isolation of Neural Stem Cells and Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Cells from Live Rats

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Lineage Tracing of Inducible Fluorescently-Labeled Stem Cells in the Adult Mouse Brain
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Lineage Tracing of Inducible Fluorescently-Labeled Stem Cells in the Adult Mouse Brain

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Growing Neural Stem Cells from Conventional and Nonconventional Regions of the Adult Rodent Brain
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The "Brain Milking" Method for the Isolation of Neural Stem Cells and Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Cells from Live Rats
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Lineage Tracing of Inducible Fluorescently-Labeled Stem Cells in the Adult Mouse Brain

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  • Evaluating the transferability of established mouse ES cell protocols to human ES cells.

    • Main Results:

    • Successful conversion of mouse ES cells into terminally differentiated neurons and glia.
    • Generation of self-renewing, lineage-restricted neural stem cell lines from mouse ES cells.
    • Reporting on the progress and challenges in adapting these methods for human ES cells.

    Conclusions:

    • Robust protocols exist for controlling mouse ES cell differentiation towards neural lineages.
    • Adaptation of these protocols for human ES cells holds promise for therapeutic applications.
    • Further research is needed to fully translate these findings to clinical settings.