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T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...

T Cell Types and Functions

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...

Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response

Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response

Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
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Antigen Presenting Cells

Antigen Presenting Cells

The immune system is a complex network of cells and molecules that protects the body from foreign invaders. T cells, a type of white blood cell, play a crucial role in this process. They recognize and attack foreign substances, such as pathogens, that enter the body.
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Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
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Diversity of Antigen Receptors

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Antigen receptors are essential components of the immune system crucial in defending the body against foreign invaders. These receptors are present on the surface of B and T cells, enabling them to recognize antigens and mount an appropriate immune response.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 18, 2026

Use of Single Chain MHC Technology to Investigate Co-agonism in Human CD8+ T Cell Activation

Use of Single Chain MHC Technology to Investigate Co-agonism in Human CD8+ T Cell Activation

Published on: February 28, 2019

Human effector CD8+ T lymphocytes express TLR3 as a functional coreceptor.

Julie Tabiasco¹, Estelle Devêvre, Nathalie Rufer

¹Division of Clinical Onco-Immunology, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch, University Hospital (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois), Avenue Pierre-Decker 4, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland.

Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)

|December 5, 2006

Summary

Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) is expressed on effector CD8+ T cells, enhancing their IFN-gamma production. This suggests TLR3 ligands may directly boost adaptive immunity and serve as immunotherapy adjuvants.

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Area of Science:

Immunology
Cell Biology
Infectious Disease

Background:

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are crucial for innate immunity and influence adaptive responses via dendritic cells.
Limited data exist on TLR expression and function in human CD8+ T cell subsets.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate TLR expression and function in human CD8+ T cell subsets.
To determine the impact of TLR3 ligation on CD8+ T cell responses.

Main Methods:

Flow cytometry to detect TLR3 expression on naive, central memory, and effector CD8+ T cells.
Stimulation of TLR3-expressing CD8+ T cells with a TLR3 agonist.
Measurement of IFN-gamma secretion, proliferation, and cytolytic activity.

Main Results:

A subset of effector CD8+ T cells constitutively expresses TLR3.
TLR3 ligation enhanced IFN-gamma secretion in response to TCR-dependent and -independent stimuli.
TLR3 stimulation did not affect CD8+ T cell proliferation or cytolytic activity.

Conclusions:

TLR3 directly modulates CD8+ T cell function by increasing IFN-gamma production.
TLR3 ligands may serve as adjuvants in immunotherapy, enhancing adaptive immune responses.
This finding expands understanding of TLRs' role in adaptive immunity beyond dendritic cell modulation.