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Electrocardiogram

Electrocardiogram

An electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) is a critical diagnostic tool that records the electrical signals produced by the heart during each heartbeat. This recording is achieved through electrodes placed strategically on the arms, legs, and chest. The electrocardiograph amplifies these signals and produces 12 distinct tracings, offering a comprehensive understanding of the heart's electrical activity.
Three major waveforms are present in a typical ECG recording: the P wave, the QRS complex, and the T...

Bode Plots Construction

Bode Plots Construction

The Bode plot is an essential tool in control system analysis, mapping the frequency response of a system through a magnitude plot and a phase plot, both against a logarithmic frequency axis. To construct a Bode plot, consider the transfer function H(ω):

Electrocardiogram Fundamentals

Electrocardiogram Fundamentals

Introduction
An electrocardiogram (ECG) is a diagnostic tool for identifying cardiac conditions such as arrhythmias, conduction abnormalities, and myocardial ischemia.
Definition
An electrocardiogram (ECG) visualizes the heart's electrical activity by tracing the electrical movement associated with each heartbeat on a graph or monitor. As the heart beats, an electrical wave passes through it, correlating with the cardiac cycle events.
Parts of an ECG
An ECG utilizes electrodes on the skin to...

ECG Interpretation of Rhythms

ECG Interpretation of Rhythms

An electrocardiogram (ECG)graphically represents the heart's electrical activity on ECG paper or a monitor.
Components of the Electrocardiogram
The primary components of a normal ECG waveform in Normal sinus rhythm(NSR) include the P wave, PR interval, QRS complex, ST segment, T wave, and occasionally a U wave.
ECG waveforms are divided by vertical and horizontal lines at standard intervals.
The horizontal axis measures time and rate, and the vertical axis measures amplitude or voltage. When...

Correlation between ECG and Cardiac Cycle

Correlation between ECG and Cardiac Cycle

The electrical signals recorded on an electrocardiogram (ECG) occur before the mechanical processes of contraction and relaxation during the cardiac cycle.
A cardiac action potential originates in the SA node and spreads throughout the atria and the AV node in approximately 0.03 seconds. This results in the P wave in an ECG and triggers atrial contraction. The action potential is then briefly slowed at the AV node, allowing the atria to contract and fill the ventricles with blood before...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 18, 2026

Extraction of the EPP Component from the Surface EMG

Extraction of the EPP Component from the Surface EMG

Published on: December 16, 2009

Body surface ECG signal shape dispersion.

Balkine Khaddoumi¹, Hervé Rix, Olivier Meste

¹Laboratory of Informatics, Signals and Systems of Sophia Antipolis (I3S), University of Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Bat. Euclide B, Les Algorithmes, 2000 Rte des Lucioles, BP 121, 06903 Sophia Antipolis, France. balkine@yahoo.fr

IEEE Transactions on Bio-Medical Engineering

|December 13, 2006

Summary

Body surface potential mapping (BSPM) analyzes electrocardiography (ECG) wave shapes to differentiate myocardial infarction (MI) patients from healthy individuals. Spatial distribution analysis reveals unique wave patterns for patient stratification.

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Area of Science:

Cardiology
Biomedical Engineering
Signal Processing

Background:

Body surface potential mapping (BSPM) provides high-resolution electrocardiography (ECG) data.
Analyzing the spatial distribution of ECG wave shapes is crucial for understanding cardiac electrical activity.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the spatial distribution of ECG wave shapes using BSPM.
To develop a method for differentiating myocardial infarction (MI) patients from healthy subjects based on ECG wave morphology.

Main Methods:

Utilized a 64-channel high-resolution ECG system for BSPM.
Computed shape differences between individual ECG leads and a column-wise reference signal (real or Integral Shape Averaging - ISA).
Employed the Distribution Function Method (DFM) for shape difference calculation, favoring ISA signals.

Main Results:

Spatial dispersion of ECG waves effectively separated myocardial infarction (MI) patients from healthy controls.
Identified an invariant path linking reference signal positions across columns, independent of subject and ECG wave.

Conclusions:

BSPM-based spatial ECG wave analysis is a promising tool for diagnosing myocardial infarction (MI).
The identified invariant path offers a novel, subject-independent characteristic in ECG signal analysis.