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Microbes and Other Elemental Cycles

Microbial activity plays a pivotal role in the biogeochemical cycling of iron and manganese, especially at the redox gradients characteristic of stratified aquatic environments. These cycles are driven by microbial transformations between oxidized and reduced forms of the metals, allowing organisms to exploit them for metabolic energy and structural purposes.Iron Cycling Across Redox GradientsIn neutral, oxygen-rich surface waters, iron is predominantly found in its oxidized, insoluble ferric...
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The carbon cycle is a fundamental Earth process involving the transfer of carbon among the biosphere, lithosphere, atmosphere, and hydrosphere. It plays a critical role in regulating the planet’s climate and supporting life by cycling carbon through various chemical forms and reservoirs. Carbon primarily circulates as carbon dioxide (CO₂), representing its oxidized form, while reduced forms such as methane (CH₄) and organic compounds also play essential roles.Microbial activity is central to...
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Development and Validation of Chromium Getters for Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Power Systems
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The contemporary anthropogenic chromium cycle.

Jeremiah Johnson1, Laura Schewel, T E Graedel

  • 1Program in Environmental Engineering, Yale University, and School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, USA. jeremiah.johnson@yale.edu

Environmental Science & Technology
|December 13, 2006
PubMed
Summary

This study quantifies global chromium flows in 2000, revealing most chromium entering use is added to stock. It details mining, consumption, and waste, highlighting regional disparities and international trade dependencies for this essential metal.

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Area of Science:

  • Industrial Ecology
  • Materials Flow Analysis
  • Environmental Science

Background:

  • Chromium is a critical engineering metal vital for stainless steel, alloys, chemicals, and refractories.
  • Understanding chromium's life cycle is essential for resource management and environmental impact assessment.
  • Previous assessments lacked detailed quantification of international trade and diverse waste streams.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To comprehensively map anthropogenic chromium flows globally for the year 2000.
  • To quantify chromium in international trade of finished products and waste streams.
  • To assess chromium stock changes, regional disparities, and environmental releases.

Main Methods:

  • Material flow analysis applied to chromium from mining through discard.
  • Data collection across 54 countries, 9 world regions, and global levels.
  • Detailed quantification of chromium in internationally traded finished goods and waste.

Main Results:

  • 78% of chromium entering final use is a net addition to global stock; mining is concentrated in Africa and CIS, while Asia, Europe, and North America are major consumers.
  • Europe, Asia, and North America generate the largest chromium waste flows, with significant regional variations in composition.
  • Global chromium releases total 2630 Gg Cr/yr, evenly split among tailings, ferrochromium slag, downgraded scrap, and post-consumer losses; many nations exhibit foreign dependence.

Conclusions:

  • Findings provide crucial data for industry planning regarding future scrap availability based on in-use stock changes and trade.
  • Quantified releases from discards and dissipation are relevant for environmental and human health considerations.
  • The full life cycle and international trade assessment aids in addressing local chromium scarcity and resource management.