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Related Concept Videos

Ostwald’s Dilution Law01:25

Ostwald’s Dilution Law

Consider a binary electrolyte AB with a concentration ‘c’ that reversibly dissociates into its constituent ions. The degree of this dissociation is represented by ⍺. This means that the equilibrium concentration of each ionic species can be expressed as ⍺c. As well as this, the fraction of the electrolyte that remains undissociated at equilibrium is given by (1−⍺). The corresponding equilibrium concentration for this undissociated portion is then calculated as (1−⍺)c. For such solutions,...
Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation02:39

Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation

The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. Vaporization occurs when the thermal motion of the molecules overcome the intermolecular forces, and the molecules (at the surface) escape into the gaseous state. When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase molecules...
Precipitation Processes01:12

Precipitation Processes

The experimental conditions in a gravimetric analysis should be optimized to maximize the particle size and purity of the obtained precipitate. Ideally, the concentration of the precipitating reagent should be low with effective stirring to maintain low relative supersaturation for the growth of large crystals. In homogeneous precipitation, the precipitant is slowly generated by a chemical reaction in the solution to avoid local reagent excesses. For example, urea decomposes gradually to...
Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition02:33

Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition

Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...
Entropy Change in Reversible Processes01:10

Entropy Change in Reversible Processes

In the Carnot engine, which achieves the maximum efficiency between two reservoirs of fixed temperatures, the total change in entropy is zero. The observation can be generalized by considering any reversible cyclic process consisting of many Carnot cycles. Thus, it can be stated that the total entropy change of any ideal reversible cycle is zero.
The statement can be further generalized to prove that entropy is a state function. Take a cyclic process between any two points on a p-V diagram.
Oxidation of Alcohols02:37

Oxidation of Alcohols

In this lesson, the oxidation of alcohols is discussed in depth. The various reagents used for oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols are detailed, and their mechanism of action is provided.
The process of oxidation in a chemical reaction is observed in any of the three forms:

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Bulk and Thin Film Synthesis of Compositionally Variant Entropy-stabilized Oxides
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Ostwald ripening in rarefied systems.

Victor M Burlakov1

  • 1Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, United Kingdom.

Physical Review Letters
|December 13, 2006
PubMed
Summary

Large molecular clusters grow by consuming smaller ones in a process called Ostwald ripening. This study reveals novel self-similar distribution functions and exponential growth, differing from classical theories.

Area of Science:

  • Physical Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Thermodynamics

Background:

  • Molecular clusters are fundamental units in phase transitions and material formation.
  • Ostwald ripening describes the growth of larger particles at the expense of smaller ones.
  • Understanding mass exchange dynamics is crucial for controlling cluster evolution.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze mass exchange between spherical molecular clusters under specific conditions.
  • To investigate the steady-state regime of Ostwald ripening.
  • To derive and characterize cluster size distribution functions.

Main Methods:

  • Theoretical analysis of mass transfer in the intercluster space.
  • Modeling molecular clusters where mean free path is larger than cluster size but smaller than intercluster separation.

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  • Derivation of self-similar cluster size distribution functions.

    • Main Results:

    • A steady-state regime of Ostwald ripening is identified.
    • Characterized by a one-parametric family of self-similar cluster size distribution functions.
    • Demonstrated exponentially growing average cluster size, distinct from classical Ostwald ripening predictions.

    Conclusions:

    • The study presents a new theoretical framework for Ostwald ripening.
    • The derived cluster size distributions differ significantly from classical models.
    • Findings have implications for understanding and controlling cluster growth in various systems.