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Accessory Structures of the Skin: Nails01:05

Accessory Structures of the Skin: Nails

Nails are one of the important accessory structures of the skin. They are hard, protective structures that cover the dorsal surface of the distal phalanges of fingers and toes. Nails are composed of specialized keratinized cells and serve various functions, including protection, sensation, and manual dexterity.
The main components of a nail include the following.
Nail Plate: The nail plate is the visible portion of the nail that extends beyond the fingertips or toes. It is a hard, translucent...
Clinical Applications of Epidermal Stem Cells01:19

Clinical Applications of Epidermal Stem Cells

Epidermal stem cells (EpiSCs) are mainly located at the basal layer of the epidermis. These cells repair minor injuries of the skin and replace dead skin cells. However, EpiSCs’ cannot heal severe wounds such as major burns or those from diabetes or hereditary disorders. In such cases, culturing the epidermal stem cells from the patient is possible and has yielded successful treatment options, such as laboratory-grown skin grafts. These grafts are synthesized using a patient’s own EpiSCs...
Handwashing II: Pre-procedure and Initial Procedure Steps01:19

Handwashing II: Pre-procedure and Initial Procedure Steps

The pre-procedure steps of handwashing include removing jewelry and rolling up sleeves. However, many organizations allow staff to wear wedding rings.
The hand washing procedure itself includes the following steps. First, cover cuts, if any, on hands with a waterproof dressing. Cuts and abrasions can become contaminated with bacteria hindering the ability to clean the area thoroughly. In addition, repeated hand washing can worsen an injury.  The nails must be short and clean, without nail paint...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 18, 2026

The Superficial Inferior Epigastric Artery Fascia Flap for Nerve Reconstruction in Rabbits
12:01

The Superficial Inferior Epigastric Artery Fascia Flap for Nerve Reconstruction in Rabbits

Published on: June 13, 2025

Nail salvage using the eponychial flap.

Roberto Adani1, Giovanni Leo, Luigi Tarallo

  • 1Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy. adani.roberto.it

Techniques in Hand & Upper Extremity Surgery
|December 13, 2006
PubMed
Summary

The eponychial flap technique effectively lengthens amputated nails and restores nail apparatus appearance. It is a safe and easy method for fingertip reconstruction, often combined with local flaps for pulp repair.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 18, 2026

The Superficial Inferior Epigastric Artery Fascia Flap for Nerve Reconstruction in Rabbits
12:01

The Superficial Inferior Epigastric Artery Fascia Flap for Nerve Reconstruction in Rabbits

Published on: June 13, 2025

Area of Science:

  • Plastic Surgery
  • Hand Surgery
  • Reconstructive Surgery

Background:

  • Distal fingertip injuries involving bone and soft tissue loss present reconstructive challenges.
  • Nail apparatus involvement complicates surgical approach and aesthetic outcomes.
  • Existing methods for fingertip reconstruction may not adequately address nail lengthening and appearance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the eponychial flap technique for nail lengthening and aesthetic restoration in fingertip injuries.
  • To assess the safety and efficacy of the eponychial flap in combination with local flaps for pulp reconstruction.
  • To provide a reliable surgical option for transverse fingertip amputations with nail involvement.

Main Methods:

  • The eponychial flap, a backward cutaneous translation flap, was utilized for nail lengthening.
  • Local flaps, such as Tranquilli-Leali or Venkataswami flaps, were employed for pulp reconstruction.
  • The technique was applied to cases of transverse fingertip amputations with nail shortening.

Main Results:

  • The eponychial flap successfully lengthened the nail plate, restoring the nail apparatus appearance.
  • The technique proved to be safe and easy to perform.
  • It served as an effective adjunct to pulp reconstruction methods.

Conclusions:

  • The eponychial flap is a valuable technique for lengthening short amputated nails in fingertip injuries.
  • It offers a safe, simple, and aesthetically pleasing solution for nail apparatus reconstruction.
  • This method can be successfully combined with various local flaps for comprehensive fingertip reconstruction.