Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Influenza01:27

Influenza

Influenza is an acute, highly communicable viral disease that affects the respiratory tract and is responsible for seasonal epidemics worldwide. Influenza A is the most prevalent type associated with widespread outbreaks and is subtyped based on two surface glycoproteins: hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N), as in H1N1. These glycoproteins are essential for viral infectivity, transmission, and immune recognition. Transmission occurs primarily through respiratory droplets and contaminated...
Inhibitors Of Virion Release01:25

Inhibitors Of Virion Release

Viral replication and dissemination rely on efficient mechanisms for host cell entry, genome replication, assembly, and release. Influenza viruses, such as types A and B, are negative-sense single-stranded RNA viruses with a segmented genome, that depend on two critical surface glycoproteins to carry out these processes: hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). HA initiates infection by binding to sialic acid residues on the surface of host epithelial cells, facilitating receptor-mediated...
Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection01:26

Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection

The hosts' susceptibility to infection depends on several factors. The integrity of the skin and mucous membranes helps protect the body against microbial attacks. When the skin is altered, the chance of infection, limb loss, and even death increases.
The integrity and count of the white blood cells help the body resist pathogens and fight infection. When impaired, it reduces the body's resistance to pathogens. The acidic pH levels of the gastrointestinal, genitourinary tracts, and skin create...
Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens01:29

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens

The immune system's response to viral infections is a complex and coordinated process involving natural killer (NK) cells, T cell-mediated responses, and antibody-mediated responses.
NK Cells
NK cells are a crucial part of our innate immune system, acting as the first line of defense against viral infections. These cells can recognize and kill infected cells without prior exposure to the virus, effectively slowing down the spread of infection. Additionally, NK cells produce proinflammatory...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Validation of the Electrophilic Allergen Screening Assay for Detection of Key Event 1 of the Skin Sensitization Adverse Outcome Pathway.

Toxics·2026
Same author

Immune system evaluation of Echinacea Purpurea root extract in female Harlan Sprague Dawley (Hsd:Sprague Dawley SD) rats.

Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association·2026
Same author

Validation of the Epi2SensA Method Using the EpiDerm™ Model for Skin Sensitization Testing Under OECD TG442D.

Toxics·2026
Same author

Investigation of the potential of bisphenol A substitutes to induce allergic contact sensitization using OECD defined approaches.

ALTEX·2026
Same author

Modification of the dextran sodium sulfate model to identify agents that induce or exacerbate inflammatory bowel disease.

Journal of immunotoxicology·2025
Same author

Immunotoxicity Studies on the Insecticide 2-((1-(4-Phenoxyphenoxy)propan-2-yl)oxy)pyridine (MPEP) in Hsd:Harlan Sprague Dawley SD<sup>®</sup> Rats.

Toxics·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 18, 2026

Using Zebrafish Models of Human Influenza A Virus Infections to Screen Antiviral Drugs and Characterize Host Immune Cell Responses
09:07

Using Zebrafish Models of Human Influenza A Virus Infections to Screen Antiviral Drugs and Characterize Host Immune Cell Responses

Published on: January 20, 2017

Influenza virus host resistance model.

Gary R Burleson1, Florence G Burleson

  • 1BRT-Burleson Research Technologies, Inc., 120 First Flight Lane, Morrisville, NC 27560, USA. gburleson@brt-labs.com

Methods (San Diego, Calif.)
|December 13, 2006
PubMed
Summary

Host resistance (HR) models assess immune system function by measuring microorganism clearance. These models are crucial for evaluating immunotoxicity and predicting infectious disease susceptibility.

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Toxicology
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Host resistance (HR) models evaluate test article effects on microorganism clearance, serving as biomarkers for immunological health.
  • Immunotoxicity can manifest as impaired clearance, increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections, or reactivation of latent viruses.
  • Assessing immunotoxicity is vital for safety evaluations, particularly concerning increased susceptibility to infectious diseases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To obtain meaningful data for safety assessment regarding immunotoxicity.
  • To determine the significance of immunosuppression concerning increased susceptibility to infectious disease.
  • To directly assess the functional reserve and integrity of the immune system.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing host resistance models to examine the influence of test articles on the immune system's ability to eliminate pathogens.

More Related Videos

Influenza A Virus Studies in a Mouse Model of Infection
10:44

Influenza A Virus Studies in a Mouse Model of Infection

Published on: September 7, 2017

Fluorescence-based Neuraminidase Inhibition Assay to Assess the Susceptibility of Influenza Viruses to The Neuraminidase Inhibitor Class of Antivirals
09:31

Fluorescence-based Neuraminidase Inhibition Assay to Assess the Susceptibility of Influenza Viruses to The Neuraminidase Inhibitor Class of Antivirals

Published on: April 15, 2017

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 18, 2026

Using Zebrafish Models of Human Influenza A Virus Infections to Screen Antiviral Drugs and Characterize Host Immune Cell Responses
09:07

Using Zebrafish Models of Human Influenza A Virus Infections to Screen Antiviral Drugs and Characterize Host Immune Cell Responses

Published on: January 20, 2017

Influenza A Virus Studies in a Mouse Model of Infection
10:44

Influenza A Virus Studies in a Mouse Model of Infection

Published on: September 7, 2017

Fluorescence-based Neuraminidase Inhibition Assay to Assess the Susceptibility of Influenza Viruses to The Neuraminidase Inhibitor Class of Antivirals
09:31

Fluorescence-based Neuraminidase Inhibition Assay to Assess the Susceptibility of Influenza Viruses to The Neuraminidase Inhibitor Class of Antivirals

Published on: April 15, 2017

  • Employing the influenza virus host resistance model to assess immune system clearance capabilities.
  • Incorporating mechanistic studies to measure the impact of test articles on innate immunity (cytokine, interferon, macrophage, NK cell function) and acquired immunity (CTL, antibody responses).

    • Main Results:

    • Host resistance models provide a definitive method for evaluating a test article's impact on immune function.
    • Clearance of influenza virus necessitates a robust and functional immune system with coordinated responses.
    • Mechanistic insights can be gained by analyzing effects on both innate and adaptive immune components.

    Conclusions:

    • Host resistance models are essential for assessing immunocompetence and the functional integrity of the immune system.
    • These models are indispensable for evaluating the safety implications of immunotoxicity and immunosuppression.
    • Direct assessment of immune system functional reserve is achievable through host resistance studies.