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Peripheral Artery Disease I: Introduction

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Peripheral artery disease (PAD) predominantly results from atherosclerosis, which involves the accumulation of fatty deposits, or plaques, within the walls of arteries. This causes them to narrow and harden, significantly reducing blood flow. PAD predominantly affects the legs, particularly the arteries supplying the thighs and calves. In rare cases, it may involve other arteries, including those in the arms.Etiology of PAD:The principal cause of PAD is atherosclerosis, which results from fatty...

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Peripheral Arterial Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Evaluation

Clinical manifestationsPeripheral Arterial Disease (PAD) manifests through a range of symptoms, from the characteristic intermittent claudication to atypical presentations and severe complications in advanced stages. Intermittent claudication, a hallmark symptom of PAD, presents as exercise-induced muscle pain that typically resolves within minutes of rest. This pain is reproducible and stems from inadequate blood flow, leading to the accumulation of lactic acid produced during anaerobic...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 18, 2026

A Liposome Membrane Permeability Assay for Investigating the Effects of Phosphatidylinositol Phosphate Groups on Membranotropic Action of Venom PLA2

A Liposome Membrane Permeability Assay for Investigating the Effects of Phosphatidylinositol Phosphate Groups on Membranotropic Action of Venom PLA₂

Published on: September 26, 2025

[Antiphospholipid syndrome].

¹Klinik für Rheumatologie & Klinische Immunologie, Katholisches Krankenhaus St. Josef, Zentrum für Innere Medizin der Kliniken Essen Süd, Essen. specker@rheumanet.org

Zeitschrift Fur Rheumatologie

|December 14, 2006

Summary

Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) involves blood clots and pregnancy loss due to antiphospholipid antibodies. This guide clarifies diagnosis, antibody testing, and anticoagulation strategies for better patient management.

Area of Science:

Immunology
Hematology
Obstetrics & Gynecology

Context:

Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) presents with diverse clinical manifestations, primarily vaso-occlusive events and pregnancy complications.
Diagnosis is complex, involving recurrent thromboembolism or pregnancy loss linked to specific autoantibodies.
Understanding the pathophysiology, including placental vascular infarctions, is crucial for managing APS.

Purpose:

To provide a comprehensive overview of Antiphospholipid Syndrome (APS).
To guide clinicians in applying international consensus classification criteria for APS diagnosis.
To clarify interpretation of laboratory tests for antiphospholipid antibodies.
To inform therapeutic decisions regarding anticoagulation strategies in APS.

Summary:

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Published on: July 27, 2017

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Last Updated: Jul 18, 2026

A Liposome Membrane Permeability Assay for Investigating the Effects of Phosphatidylinositol Phosphate Groups on Membranotropic Action of Venom PLA2

A Liposome Membrane Permeability Assay for Investigating the Effects of Phosphatidylinositol Phosphate Groups on Membranotropic Action of Venom PLA₂

Published on: September 26, 2025

PIP-on-a-chip: A Label-free Study of Protein-phosphoinositide Interactions

PIP-on-a-chip: A Label-free Study of Protein-phosphoinositide Interactions

Published on: July 27, 2017

APS is defined by recurrent thrombosis or pregnancy morbidity associated with antiphospholipid antibodies.
Vaso-occlusive disease, not vasculitis, underlies APS manifestations like DVT, PE, and stroke.
Fetal loss in APS is attributed to placental vascular infarctions.
Accurate APS diagnosis and risk stratification for thrombotic complications remain challenging.
Guidance on appropriate anticoagulation duration and intensity is essential for patient management.

Impact:

Enhances diagnostic accuracy for Antiphospholipid Syndrome (APS).
Improves risk stratification for thrombotic complications in APS patients.
Optimizes anticoagulation strategies, leading to better patient outcomes.
Facilitates informed clinical decision-making in managing APS and pregnancy-related complications.