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Related Concept Videos

Metal-Ligand Bonds02:51

Metal-Ligand Bonds

The hemoglobin in the blood, the chlorophyll in green plants, vitamin B-12, and the catalyst used in the manufacture of polyethylene all contain coordination compounds. Ions of the metals, especially the transition metals, are likely to form complexes.
In these complexes, transition metals form coordinate covalent bonds, a kind of Lewis acid-base interaction in which both of the electrons in the bond are contributed by a donor (Lewis base) to an electron acceptor (Lewis acid). The Lewis acid in...
EDTA: Auxiliary Complexing Reagents01:26

EDTA: Auxiliary Complexing Reagents

EDTA titrations are usually carried out in highly basic conditions, where the fully deprotonated form of EDTA, Y4−, actively complexes with the free metal ions in the solution. Several metal ions precipitate as hydrous oxide (hydroxides, oxides, or oxyhydroxides) under these conditions, lowering the concentration of free metal ions in the solution. For this reason, auxiliary complexing agents or ligands such as ammonia, tartrate, citrate, or triethanolamine are used in EDTA titrations to...
Extraction: Advanced Methods00:56

Extraction: Advanced Methods

Metal ions can be separated from one another by complexation with organic ligands–the chelating agent– to form uncharged chelates. Here, the chelating agent must contain hydrophobic groups and behave as a weak acid, losing a proton to bind with the metal. Since most organic ligands used in this process are insoluble or undergo oxidation in the aqueous phase, the chelating agent is initially added to the organic phase and extracted into the aqueous phase. The metal-ligand complex is formed in...
Heterogeneous Catalysis01:22

Heterogeneous Catalysis

Heterogeneous catalysis involves a catalyst in a different phase from the reactants. It is a process where the catalyst and the reactants are in distinct phases, typically solid and gas or liquid.Most heterogeneous catalysts are metals, metal oxides, or acids. The list includes transition metals like iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), tungsten (W), silver (Ag), and copper (Cu). These metals possess partially vacant d orbitals that...
Phase II Reactions: Miscellaneous Conjugation Reactions01:19

Phase II Reactions: Miscellaneous Conjugation Reactions

Phase II biotransformations are detoxification mechanisms that conjugate xenobiotics with endogenous substances, neutralizing their toxicity.
A key example involves the conjugation of cyanide ions, which impair cellular respiration and alter hemoglobin into non-oxygen-carrying cyanmethemoglobin. To neutralize this threat, a sulfur atom from thiosulphate is transferred to the cyanide ion, catalyzed by the enzyme rhodanese, resulting in an inactive compound called thiocyanate. The production of...

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Amide Coupling Reaction for the Synthesis of Bispyridine-based Ligands and Their Complexation to Platinum as Dinuclear Anticancer Agents
07:20

Amide Coupling Reaction for the Synthesis of Bispyridine-based Ligands and Their Complexation to Platinum as Dinuclear Anticancer Agents

Published on: May 28, 2014

Highly active copper-based catalyst for atom transfer radical polymerization.

Huadong Tang1, Navamoney Arulsamy, Maciej Radosz

  • 1Soft Materials Laboratory, Department of Chemical & Petroleum Engineering, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, USA.

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|December 15, 2006
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A novel copper-TPEN catalyst enables highly active Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization (ATRP) with significantly reduced catalyst concentrations. This breakthrough allows for well-controlled polymer synthesis using minimal catalyst, advancing polymerization techniques.

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[(DPEPhos)(bcp)Cu]PF6: A General and Broadly Applicable Copper-Based Photoredox Catalyst
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[(DPEPhos)(bcp)Cu]PF6: A General and Broadly Applicable Copper-Based Photoredox Catalyst
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[(DPEPhos)(bcp)Cu]PF6: A General and Broadly Applicable Copper-Based Photoredox Catalyst

Published on: May 21, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Catalysis
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization (ATRP) typically requires high catalyst concentrations (1000-10,000 ppm).
  • Developing highly active catalysts is crucial for efficient and economical polymerization processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce a new, highly active copper-based catalyst for ATRP.
  • To investigate the catalyst's performance with various monomers and its structural characteristics.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized copper(I) bromide/N,N,N',N'-tetrakis(2-pyridylmethyl)ethylenediamine (CuBr/TPEN) complex as the catalyst.
  • Performed ATRP with acrylic, methacrylic, and styrenic monomers.
  • Characterized catalyst structures using X-ray diffraction and NMR spectroscopy.

Main Results:

  • Achieved well-controlled polymerization with low polydispersities at low catalyst/initiator ratios (0.005 and 0.001).
  • Demonstrated successful ATRP with copper concentrations as low as 6-8 ppm.
  • Identified the equilibrium between binuclear and mononuclear copper complexes in solution and the mononuclear deactivator complex.

Conclusions:

  • The CuBr/TPEN complex is a versatile and highly active catalyst for ATRP.
  • High catalyst stability and appropriate equilibrium constants are key for efficient catalysis, especially under dilute conditions.
  • Findings provide a basis for designing next-generation ATRP catalysts.