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Related Concept Videos

Increased Intracranial Pressure l: Introduction01:14

Increased Intracranial Pressure l: Introduction

Intracranial hypertension is a sustained elevation of intracranial pressure (ICP) above 22 mm Hg. In supine adults, normal ICP is ~7–15 mm Hg.The rigid, nonexpandable cranium contains three components—brain tissue, blood, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)—that total ~1,700 mL in a typical adult: 1,400 mL brain (~80%), 150 mL blood (~10%), and 150 mL CSF (~10%). According to the Monro–Kellie doctrine, total intracranial volume is effectively fixed. When one component expands, CSF and venous blood...
The Arch of Aorta01:10

The Arch of Aorta

The coronary arteries, originating from the ascending aorta, bifurcate from two sinuses located within the ascending aorta. Positioned just above the aortic semilunar valve, these sinuses house essential aortic baroreceptors and chemoreceptors, crucial for maintaining cardiac function. The left coronary artery and the right coronary artery branch off from the left posterior and anterior aortic sinuses, respectively.
Encircling the heart, the coronary arteries form a ring-like structure before...
Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology01:22

Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology

Vasogenic edema is a major form of cerebral edema characterized by abnormal accumulation of fluid in the brain’s extracellular space due to disruption of the blood–brain barrier (BBB). The BBB is a specialized structure composed of endothelial cells connected by tight junctions, supported by astrocytic endfeet and a basement membrane. Under normal conditions, it tightly regulates the movement of ions, proteins, and solutes between the bloodstream and brain parenchyma. When this barrier loses...
Increased Intracranial Pressure ll: Pathophysiology01:29

Increased Intracranial Pressure ll: Pathophysiology

Increased intracranial pressure (ICP) refers to a potentially life-threatening rise in pressure inside the skull. This usually happens when there is a major change in the volume of brain tissue, blood, or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) — the three components inside the skull. According to the Monro-Kellie doctrine, if the volume of one component increases, the volumes of the other components must decrease to maintain normal pressure. If this does not happen, ICP rises.The process often begins with...
Hemorrhagic Stroke l: Introduction01:17

Hemorrhagic Stroke l: Introduction

A hemorrhagic stroke is an acute neurological event that occurs when a weakened cerebral blood vessel ruptures, allowing blood to accumulate within or around the brain. The sudden release of blood forms a focal hematoma that increases intracranial pressure, displaces neural tissue, and can obstruct cerebrospinal fluid pathways. These effects may be compounded by intraventricular extension of the hemorrhage, cerebral edema, or compression of adjacent structures, all of which contribute to...
Hemorrhagic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology01:29

Hemorrhagic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology

A hemorrhagic stroke develops when a cerebral blood vessel ruptures, allowing blood to escape into the surrounding brain tissue, as in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), or into the subarachnoid space, as in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Because the skull is a rigid compartment, the sudden presence of extravascular blood rapidly increases intracranial pressure and compresses adjacent neural structures, leading to immediate tissue injury and impaired cerebral perfusion.Mass Effect and Primary...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 18, 2026

Microsurgical Clip Obliteration of Middle Cerebral Aneurysm Using Intraoperative Flow Assessment
18:50

Microsurgical Clip Obliteration of Middle Cerebral Aneurysm Using Intraoperative Flow Assessment

Published on: September 25, 2009

Giant fusiform basilar artery aneurysm causing obstructive hydrocephalus.

Fazil Gelal, Berna Dirim Vidinli, Alaattin Yurt

    Skull Base : Official Journal of North American Skull Base Society ... [Et Al.]
    |December 15, 2006
    PubMed
    Summary

    A large, thrombosed basilar artery aneurysm caused obstructive hydrocephalus. Magnetic resonance imaging successfully detected the aneurysm, leading to effective treatment and symptom improvement.

    Related Experiment Videos

    Last Updated: Jul 18, 2026

    Microsurgical Clip Obliteration of Middle Cerebral Aneurysm Using Intraoperative Flow Assessment
    18:50

    Microsurgical Clip Obliteration of Middle Cerebral Aneurysm Using Intraoperative Flow Assessment

    Published on: September 25, 2009

    Area of Science:

    • Neurology
    • Radiology
    • Neurosurgery

    Background:

    • A 58-year-old man experienced sudden gait disturbance and urinary incontinence.
    • These symptoms prompted an investigation into potential neurological causes.

    Observation:

    • Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and MR angiography revealed a large, fusiform basilar artery aneurysm (2x5 cm).
    • The aneurysm was largely thrombosed, with the ectatic basilar artery passing through it.
    • Compression of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pathways by the aneurysm caused obstructive hydrocephalus and transependymal CSF leakage.

    Findings:

    • Conventional angiography failed to detect the basilar artery aneurysm.
    • MR imaging and MR angiography proved effective in noninvasively detecting the aneurysm.
    • These imaging modalities accurately defined the aneurysm's relationship with surrounding structures.
    • The cause of obstructive hydrocephalus was identified as the aneurysm's mass effect.

    Implications:

    • A ventriculoperitoneal shunt was surgically placed to alleviate hydrocephalus, resulting in symptom improvement.
    • MR imaging and MR angiography are valuable noninvasive tools for diagnosing complex basilar artery aneurysms and associated hydrocephalus.
    • This case highlights the diagnostic utility of advanced neuroimaging in identifying rare causes of neurological deficits.